ABSTRACT:

Recently, densified small cell deployment with overlay coverage through coexisting heterogeneous networks has emerged as a viable solution for 5G mobile networks. However, this multi-tier architecture along with stringent latency requirements in 5G brings new challenges in security provisioning due to the potential frequent handovers and authentications in 5G small cells and HetNets. In this article, we review related studies and introduce SDN into 5G as a platform to enable efficient authentication hand – over and privacy protection. Our objective is to simplify authentication handover by global management of 5G HetNets through sharing of userdependent security context information among related access points. We demonstrate that SDN-enabled security solutions are highly efficient through its centralized control capability, which is essential for delay-constrained 5G communications.

However, the specific key designed for handover and different handover procedures for various scenarios will increase handover complexity when applied to 5G HetNets. As the authentication server is often located remotely, the delay due to frequent enquiries between small cell APs and the authentication server for user verification may be up to hundreds of milliseconds, which is unacceptable for 5G communications. The authors of have proposed simplified hand – over authentication schemes involving direct authentication between UE and APs based on public cryptography. These schemes realize mutual authentication and key agreements with new networks through a three-way handshake without contacting any third party, like an authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) server. Although the handover authentication procedure is simplified, computation cost and delay are increased due to the overhead for exchanging more cryptographic messages through a wireless interface. For the same reason, carrying a digital signature is secure but not efficient for dynamic 5G wireless communications.

INTRODUCTION:

Over the past few years, anywhere, anytime wireless connectivity has gradually become a reality and has resulted in remarkably increased mobile traffic. Mobile data traffic from prevailing smart terminals, multimedia-intensive social applications, video streaming, and cloud services is predicted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 61 percent before 2018, and is expected to outgrow the capabilities of the current fourth generation (4G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) infrastructure by 2020 [1]. This explosive growth of data traffic and shortage of spectrum have necessitated intensive research and development efforts on 5G mobile networks. However, the relatively narrow usable frequency bands between several hundred megahertz and a few gigahertzes have been almost fully occupied by a variety of licensed or unlicensed networks, including 2G, 3G, LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTEA), and Wi-Fi. Although dynamic spectrum allocation could provide some improvement, the only way to find enough new bandwidth for 5G is to explore idle spectrum in the millimeterwave range of 30~300 GHz.

We study the problem of key establishment for secure many-to-many communications. The problem is inspired by the proliferation of large-scale distributed file systems supporting parallel access to multiple storage devices. Our work focuses on the current Internet standard for such file systems, i.e., parallel
Network File System (pNFS), which makes use of Kerberos to establish parallel session keys between clients and storage devices.
Our review of the existing Kerberos-based protocol shows that it has a number of limitations:

(i) a metadata server facilitating key exchange between the clients and the storage devices has heavy workload that restricts the scalability of the protocol;

(ii) the protocol does not provide forward secrecy;

(iii) the metadata server generates itself all the session keys that are used between the clients and storage devices, and this inherently leads to key escrow. In this paper, we propose a variety of authenticated key exchange protocols that are designed to address the above issues. We show that our protocols are capable of reducing up to approximately 54% of the workload of the metadata server and concurrently supporting forward secrecy and escrow-freeness. All this requires only a small fraction of increased computation overhead at the client.

ABSTRACT:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an attractive system paradigm to realize interconnections through the physical, cyber, and social spaces. During the interactions among the ubiquitous things, security issues become noteworthy, and it is significant to establish enhanced solutions for security protection. In this work, we focus on an existing U2IoT architecture (i.e., unit IoT and ubiquitous IoT), to design an aggregated-proof based hierarchical authentication scheme (APHA) for the layered networks. Concretely, 1) the aggregated-proofs are established for multiple targets to achieve backward and forward anonymous data transmission; 2) the directed path descriptors, homomorphism functions, and Chebyshev chaotic maps are jointly applied for mutual authentication; 3) different access authorities are assigned to achieve hierarchical access control. Meanwhile, the BAN logic formal analysis is performed to prove that the proposed APHA has no obvious security defects, and it is potentially available for the U2IoT architecture and other IoT applications.

INTRODUCTION:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as an attractive system paradigm to integrate physical perceptions, cyber interactions, and social correlations, in which the physical objects, cyber entities, and social attributes are required to achieve interconnections with the embedded intelligence. During the interconnections, the IoT is suffering from severe security challenges, and there are potential vulnerabilities due to the complicated networks referring to heterogeneous targets, sensors, and backend management systems. It becomes noteworthy to address the security issues for the ubiquitous things in the IoT.

Recent studies have been worked on the general IoT, including system models, service platforms, infrastructure architectures, and standardization. Particularly, a human-society inspired U2IoT architecture (i.e., unit IoT and ubiquitous IoT) is proposed to achieve the physical cyber- social convergence in the U2IoT architecture, mankind neural system and social organization framework are introduced to establish the single-application and multi-application IoT frameworks.

Multiple unit IoTs compose a local IoT within a region, or an industrial IoT for an industry. The local IoTs and industrial IoTs are covered within a national IoT, and jointly form the ubiquitous IoT. Towards the IoT security, related works mainly refer to the security architectures and recommended countermeasures secure communication and networking mechanisms cryptography algorithms and application security solutions.

Current researches mainly refer to three aspects: system security, network security, and application security.

_ System security mainly considers a whole IoT system to identify the unique security and privacy challenges, to design systemic security frameworks, and to provide security measures and guidelines.

_ Network security mainly focuses on wireless communication networks (e.g., wireless sensor networks (WSN), radio frequency identification (RFID), and the Internet) to design key distribution algorithms, authentication protocols, advanced signature algorithms, access control mechanisms, and secure routing protocols. Particularly, authentication protocols are popular to address security and privacy issues in the IoT, and should be designed considering the things’ heterogeneity and hierarchy.

_ Application security serves for IoT applications (e.g.., multimedia, smart home, and smart grid), and resolves practical problems with particular scenario requirements.

Towards the U2IoT architecture, a reasonable authentication scheme should satisfy the following requirements. 1) Data CIA (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, and availability): The exchanged messages between any two legal entities should be protected against illegal access and modification. The communication channels should be reliable for the legal entities. 2) Hierarchical access control: Diverse access authorities are assigned to different entities to provide hierarchical interactions.

An unauthorised entity cannot access data exceeding its permission. 3) Forward security: Attackers cannot correlate any two communication sessions, and also cannot derive the previous interrogations according to the ongoing session. 4) Mutual authentication: The untrusted entities should pass each other’s verification so that only the legal entity can access the networks for data acquisition. 5) Privacy preservation: The sensors cannot correlate or disclose an individual target’s private information (e.g., location). Considering above security requirements, we design an aggregated proof based hierarchical authentication scheme (APHA) for the unit IoT.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

Existing WSN network is to be completely integrated into the Internet as part of the Internet of Things (IoT), it is necessary to consider various security challenges, such as the creation of a secure channel between an Internet host and a sensor node. In order to create such a channel, it is necessary to provide key management mechanisms that allow two remote devices to negotiate certain security credentials (e.g. secret keys) that will be used to protect the information flow analyze not only the applicability.

Existing mechanisms such as public key cryptography and pre-shared keys for sensor nodes in the IoT context, but also the applicability of those link-layer oriented key management systems (KMS) whose original purpose is to provide shared keys for sensor nodes belonging to the same WSNs to provide key management mechanisms to allow that two remote devices can negotiate certain security certificates (e.g., shared keys, Blom key pairs, and polynomial shares). The authors analyzed the applicability of existing mechanisms, including public key infrastructure (PKI) and pre-shared keys for sensor nodes in IoT contexts.

DISADVANTAGES:

Smart community model for IoT applications, and a cyber-physical system with the networked smart homes was introduced with security considerations. Filtering false network traffic and avoiding unreliable home gateways are suggested for safeguard. Meanwhile, the security challenges are discussed, including the cooperative authentication, unreliable node detection, target tracking, and intrusion detection group of individuals that hacked into federal sites and released confidential information to the public in the government is supposed to have the highest level of security, yet their system was easily breached.   Therefore, if all of our information is stored on the internet, people could hack into it, finding out everything about individuals lives. Also, companies could misuse the information that they are given access to.  This is a common mishap that occurs within companies all the time.  

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

We proposed scheme realizes data confidentiality and data integrity by the directed path descriptor and homomorphism based Chebyshev chaotic maps, establishes trust relationships via the lightweight mechanisms, and applies dynamically hashed values to achieve session freshness. It indicates that the APHA is suitable for the U2IoT architecture.

In this work, the main purpose is to provide bottom-up safeguard for the U2IoT architecture to realize secure interactions. Towards the U2IoT architecture, a reasonable authentication scheme should satisfy the following requirements.

1) Data CIA (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, and availability): The exchanged messages between any two legal entities should be protected against illegal access and modification. The communication channels should be reliable for the legal entities.

2) Hierarchical access control: Diverse access authorities are assigned to different entities to provide hierarchical interactions. An unauthorised entity cannot access data exceeding its permission.

3) Forward security: Attackers cannot correlate any two communication sessions, and also cannot derive the previous interrogations according to the ongoing session.

4) Mutual authentication: The untrusted entities should pass each other’s verification so that only the legal entity can access the networks for data acquisition.

5) Privacy preservation: The sensors cannot correlate or disclose an individual target’s private information (e.g., location). Considering above security requirements, we design an aggregated proof based hierarchical authentication scheme (APHA) for the ubiquitous IoT.

ADVANTAGES:

Aggregated-proofs are established by wrapping multiple targets’ messages for anonymous data transmission, which realizes that individual information cannot be revealed during both backward and forward communication channels.

Directed path descriptors are defined based on homomorphism functions to establish correlation during the cross-layer interactions. Chebyshev chaotic maps are applied to describe the mapping relationships between the shared secrets and the path descriptors for mutual authentication.

Diverse access authorities on the group identifiers and pseudonyms are assigned to different entities for achieving the hierarchical access control through the layered networks.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

v    Processor                                 –    Pentium –IV

• Speed                                      –    1.1 GHz
  • RAM                                       –    256 MB (min)
  • Hard Disk                               –   20 GB
  • Floppy Drive                           –    1.44 MB
  • Key Board                              –    Standard Windows Keyboard
  • Mouse                                     –    Two or Three Button Mouse
  • Monitor                                   –    SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System                   :           Windows XP or Win7
• Front End                                :           JAVA JDK 1.7
• Back End                                :           MYSQL Server
• Server                                      :           Apache Tomact Server
• Script                                       :           JSP Script
• Document                               :           MS-Office 2007

ABSTRACT:

Big sensor data is prevalent in both industry and scientific research applications where the data is generated with high volume and velocity it is difficult to process using on-hand database management tools or traditional data processing applications. Cloud computing provides a promising platform to support the addressing of this challenge as it provides a flexible stack of massive computing, storage, and software services in a scalable manner at low cost. Some techniques have been developed in recent years for processing sensor data on cloud, such as sensor-cloud. However, these techniques do not provide efficient support on fast detection and locating of errors in big sensor data sets.

We develop a novel data error detection approach which exploits the full computation potential of cloud platform and the network feature of WSN. Firstly, a set of sensor data error types are classified and defined. Based on that classification, the network feature of a clustered WSN is introduced and analyzed to support fast error detection and location. Specifically, in our proposed approach, the error detection is based on the scale-free network topology and most of detection operations can be conducted in limited temporal or spatial data blocks instead of a whole big data set. Hence the detection and location process can be dramatically accelerated.

Furthermore, the detection and location tasks can be distributed to cloud platform to fully exploit the computation power and massive storage. Through the experiment on our cloud computing platform of U-Cloud, it is demonstrated that our proposed approach can significantly reduce the time for error detection and location in big data sets generated by large scale sensor network systems with acceptable error detecting accuracy.

INTRODUCTION:

Recently, we enter a new era of data explosion which brings about new challenges for big data processing. In general, big data is a collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process with onhand database management systems or traditional data processing applications. It represents the progress of the human cognitive processes, usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of current technology, method and theory to capture, manage, and process the data within a tolerable elapsed time. Big data has typical characteristics of five ‘V’s, volume, variety, velocity, veracity and value. Big data sets come from many areas, including meteorology, connectomics, complex physics simulations, genomics, biological study, gene analysis and environmental research. According to literature since 1980s, generated data doubles its size in every 40 months all over the world. In the year of 2012, there were 2.5 quintillion (2.5  1018) bytes of data being generated every day.

Hence, how to process big data has become a fundamental and critical challenge for modern society. Cloud computing provides apromising platform for big data processing with powerful computation capability, storage, scalability, resource reuse and low cost, and has attracted significant attention in alignment with big data. One of important source for scientific big data is the data sets collected by wireless sensor networks (WSN). Wireless sensor networks have potential of significantly enhancing people’s ability to monitor and interact with their physical environment. Big data set from sensors is often subject to corruption and losses due to wireless medium of communication and presence of hardware inaccuracies in the nodes. For a WSN application to deduce an appropriate result, it is necessary that the data received is clean, accurate, and lossless. However, effective detection and cleaning of sensor big data errors is a challenging issue demanding innovative solutions. WSN with cloud can be categorized as a kind of complex network systems. In these complex network systems such as WSN and social network, data abnormality and error become an annoying issue for the real network applications.

Therefore, the question of how to find data errors in complex network systems for improving and debugging the network has attracted the interests of researchers. Some work has been done for big data analysis and error detection in complex networks including intelligence sensors networks. There are also some works related to complex network systems data error detection and debugging with online data processing techniques. Since these techniques were not designed and developed to deal with big data on cloud, they were unable to cope with current dramatic increase of data size. For example, when big data sets are encountered, previous offline methods for error detectionand debugging on a single computer may take a long time and lose real time feedback. Because those offline methods are normally based on learning or mining, they often introduce high time cost during the process of data set training and pattern matching. WSN big data error detection commonly requires powerful real-time processing and storing of the massive sensor data as well as analysis in the context of using inherently complex error models to identify and locate events of abnormalities.

In this paper, we aim to develop a novel error detection approach by exploiting the massive storage, scalability and computation power of cloud to detect errors in big data sets from sensor networks. Some work has been done about processing sensor data on cloud. However, fast detection of data errors in big data with cloud remains challenging. Especially, how to use the computation power of cloud to quickly find and locate errors of nodes in WSN needs to be explored. Cloud computing, a disruptive trend at present, poses a significant impact on current IT industry and research communities. Cloud computing infrastructure is becoming popular because it provides an open, flexible, scalable and reconfigurable platform. The proposed error detection approach in this paper will be based on the classification of error types. Specifically, nine types of numerical data abnormalities/errors are listed and introduced in our cloud error detection approach. The defined error model will trigger the error detection process. Compared to previous error detection of sensor network systems, our approach on cloud will be designed and developed by utilizing the massive data processing capability of cloud to enhance error detection speed and real time reaction. In addition, the architecture feature of complex networks will also be analyzed to combine with the cloud computing with a more efficient way. Based on current research literature review, we divide complex network systems into scale-free type and non scale-free type. Sensor network is a kind of scale-free complex network system which matches cloud scalability feature.

ABSTRACT:

Characterized by the increasing arrival rate of live content, the emergency applications pose a great challenge: how to disseminate large-scale live content to interested users in a scalable and reliable manner. The publish/subscribe (pub/sub) model is widely used for data dissemination because of its capacity of seamlessly expanding the system to massive size. However, most event matching services of existing pub/sub systems either lead to low matching throughput when matching a large number of skewed subscriptions, or interrupt dissemination when a large number of servers fail. The cloud computing provides great opportunities for the requirements of complex computing and reliable communication.

In this paper, we propose SREM, a scalable and reliable event matching service for content-based pub/sub systems in cloud computing environment. To achieve low routing latency and reliable links among servers, we propose a distributed overlay Skip Cloud to organize servers of SREM. Through a hybrid space partitioning technique HPartition, large-scale skewed subscriptions are mapped into multiple subspaces, which ensures high matching throughput and provides multiple candidate servers for each event.

Moreover, a series of dynamics maintenance mechanisms are extensively studied. To evaluate the performance of SREM, 64 servers are deployed and millions of live content items are tested in a Cloud Stack testbed. Under various parameter settings, the experimental results demonstrate that the traffic overhead of routing events in SkipCloud is at least 60 percent smaller than in Chord overlay, the matching rate in SREM is at least 3.7 times and at most 40.4 times larger than the single-dimensional partitioning technique of BlueDove. Besides, SREM enables the event loss rate to drop back to 0 in tens of seconds even if a large number of servers fail simultaneously.

INTRODUCTION

Because of the importance in helping users to make realtime decisions, data dissemination has become dramatically significant in many large-scale emergency applications, such as earthquake monitoring, disaster weather warning and status update in social networks. Recently, data dissemination in these emergency applications presents a number of fresh trends. One is the rapid growth of live content. For instance, Facebook users publish over 600,000 pieces of content and Twitter users send over 100,000 tweets on average per minute. The other is the highly dynamic network environment. For instance, the measurement studies indicate that most users’ sessions in social networks only last several minutes. In emergency scenarios, the sudden disasters like earthquake or bad weather may lead to the failure of a large number of users instantaneously.

These characteristics require the data dissemination system to be scalable and reliable. Firstly, the system must be scalable to support the large amount of live content. The key is to offer a scalable event matching service to filter out irrelevant users. Otherwise, the content may have to traverse a large number of uninterested users before they reach interested users. Secondly, with the dynamic network environment, it’s quite necessary to provide reliable schemes to keep continuous data dissemination capacity. Otherwise, the system interruption may cause the live content becomes obsolete content. Driven by these requirements, publish/subscribe (pub/ sub) pattern is widely used to disseminate data due to its flexibility, scalability, and efficient support of complex event processing. In pub/sub systems (pub/subs), a receiver (subscriber) registers its interest in the form of a subscription. Events are published by senders to the pub/ sub system.

The system matches events against subscriptions and disseminates them to interested subscribers.

In traditional data dissemination applications, the live content are generated by publishers at a low speed, which makes many pub/subs adopt the multi-hop routing techniques to disseminate events. A large body of broker-based pub/subs forward events and subscriptions through organizing nodes into diverse distributed overlays, such as treebased design cluster-based design and DHT-based design. However, the multihop routing techniques in these broker-based systems lead to a low matching throughput, which is inadequate to apply to current high arrival rate of live content.

Recently, cloud computing provides great opportunities for the applications of complex computing and high speed communication where the servers are connected by high speed networks, and have powerful computing and storage capacities. A number of pub/sub services based on the cloud computing environment have been proposed, such as Move BlueDove and SEMAS. However, most of them can not completely meet the requirements of both scalability and reliability when matching large-scale live content under highly dynamic environments.

This mainly stems from the following facts:

1) Most of them are inappropriate to the matching of live content with high data dimensionality due to the limitation of their subscription space partitioning techniques, which bring either low matching throughput or high memory overhead.

2) These systems adopt the one-hop lookup technique among servers to reduce routing latency. In spite of its high efficiency, it requires each dispatching server to have the same view of matching servers. Otherwise, the subscriptions or events may be assigned to the wrong matching server, which brings the availability problem in the face of current joining or crash of matching servers. A number of schemes can be used to keep the consistent view, like periodically sending heartbeat messages to dispatching servers or exchanging messages among matching servers. However, these extra schemes may bring a large traffic overhead or the interruption of event matching service.

LITRATURE SURVEY

RELIABLE AND HIGHLY AVAILABLE DISTRIBUTED PUBLISH/SUBSCRIBE SERVICE

PUBLICATION: Proc. 28th IEEE Int. Symp. Reliable Distrib. Syst., 2009, pp. 41–50.

AUTHORS: R. S. Kazemzadeh and H.-A Jacobsen

EXPLANATION:

This paper develops reliable distributed publish/subscribe algorithms with service availability in the face of concurrent crash failure of up to delta brokers. The reliability of service in our context refers to per-source in-order and exactly-once delivery of publications to matching subscribers. To handle failures, brokers maintain data structures that enable them to reconnect the topology and compute new forwarding paths on the fly. This enables fast reaction to failures and improves the system’s availability. Moreover, we present a recovery procedure that recovering brokers execute in order to re-enter the system, and synchronize their routing information.

BUILDING A RELIABLE AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONTENT-BASED PUBLISH/SUBSCRIBE SYSTEM

PUBLICATION: J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 371–382, 2013.

AUTHORS: Y. Zhao and J. Wu

EXPLANATION:

Provisioning reliability in a high-performance content-based publish/subscribe system is a challenging problem. The inherent complexity of content-based routing makes message loss detection and recovery, and network state recovery extremely complicated. Existing proposals either try to reduce the complexity of handling failures in a traditional network architecture, which only partially address the problem, or rely on robust network architectures that can gracefully tolerate failures, but perform less efficiently than the traditional architectures. In this paper, we present a hybrid network architecture for reliable and high-performance content-based publish/subscribe. Two overlay networks, a high-performance one with moderate fault tolerance and a highly-robust one with sufficient performance, work together to guarantee the performance of normal operations and reliability in the presence of failures. Our design exploits the fact that, in a high-performance content-based publish/subscribe system, subscriptions are broadcast to all brokers, to facilitate efficient backup routing when failures occur, which incurs a minimal overhead. Per-hop reliability is used to gracefully detect and recover lost messages that are caused by transit errors. Two backup routing methods based on DHT routing are proposed. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted. The results demonstrate the superior performance of our system compared to other state-of-the-art proposals.

SCALABLE AND ELASTIC EVENT MATCHING FOR ATTRIBUTE-BASED PUBLISH/SUBSCRIBE SYSTEMS

PUBLICATION: Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 36, pp. 102–119, 2013.

AUTHORS: X. Ma, Y. Wang, Q. Qiu, W. Sun, and X. Pei

EXPLANATION:

Due to the sudden change of the arrival live content rate and the skewness of the large-scale subscriptions, the rapid growth of emergency applications presents a new challenge to the current publish/subscribe systems: providing a scalable and elastic event matching service. However, most existing event matching services cannot adapt to the sudden change of the arrival live content rate, and generate a non-uniform distribution of load on the servers because of the skewness of the large-scale subscriptions. To this end, we propose SEMAS, a scalable and elastic event matching service for attribute-based pub/sub systems in the cloud computing environment. SEMAS uses one-hop lookup overlay to reduce the routing latency. Through ahierarchical multi-attribute space partition technique, SEMAS adaptively partitions the skewed subscriptions and maps them into balanced clusters to achieve high matching throughput. The performance-aware detection scheme in SEMAS adaptively adjusts the scale of servers according to the churn of workloads, leading to high performance–price ratio. A prototype system on an OpenStack-based platform demonstrates that SEMAS has a linear increasing matching capacity as the number of servers and the partitioning granularity increase. It is able to elastically adjust the scale of servers and tolerate a large number of server failures with low latency and traffic overhead. Compared with existing cloud based pub/sub systems, SEMAS achieves higher throughput in various workloads.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

EXISTING SYSTEM:

Characterized by the increasing arrival rate of live content, the emergency applications pose a great challenge: how to disseminate large-scale live content to interested users in a scalable and reliable manner. The publish/subscribe (pub/sub) model is widely used for data dissemination because of its capacity of seamlessly expanding the system to massive size. However, most event matching services of existing pub/sub systems either lead to low matching throughput when matching a large number of skewed subscriptions, or interrupt dissemination when a large number of servers fail.

However, most existing event matching services cannot adapt to the sudden change of the arrival live content rate, and generate a non-uniform distribution of load on the servers because of the skewness of the large-scale subscriptions. To this end SEMAS, a scalable and elastic event matching service for attribute-based pub/sub systems in the cloud computing environment. SEMAS uses one-hop lookup overlay to reduce the routing latency. Through ahierarchical multi-attribute space partition technique, SEMAS adaptively partitions the skewed subscriptions and maps them into balanced clusters to achieve high matching throughput.

The performance-aware detection scheme in SEMAS adaptively adjusts the scale of servers according to the churn of workloads, leading to high performance–price ratio. A prototype system on an OpenStack-based platform demonstrates that SEMAS has a linear increasing matching capacity as the number of servers and the partitioning granularity increase. It is able to elastically adjust the scale of servers and tolerate a large number of server failures with low latency and traffic overhead.

DISADVANTAGES:

Publish/Subscribe (pub/sub) is a commonly used asynchronous communication pattern among application components. Senders and receivers of messages are decoupled from each other and interact with an intermediary— a pub/sub system.

A receiver registers its interest in certain kinds of messages with the pub/sub system in the form of a subscription. Messages are published by senders to the pub/sub system. The system matches messages (i.e., publications) to subscriptions and delivers messages to interested subscribers using a notification mechanism.

There are several ways for subscriptions to specify messages of interest. In its simplest form messages are associated with topic strings and subscriptions are defined as patterns of the topic string. A more expressive form is attribute-based pub/sub where messages are further annotated with various attributes.

Subscriptions are expressed as predicates on the message topic and attributes. An even more general form is content based pub/sub where subscriptions can be arbitrary Boolean functions on the entire content of messages (e.g., XML documents), limited to attributes1.

Attribute based pub/sub strikes a balance between the simplicity and performance of topic-based pub/sub and the expressiveness of content-based pub/sub. Many large-scale and loosely coupled applications including stock quote distribution, network management, and environmental monitoring can be structured around a pub/sub messaging paradigm.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

We propose a scalable and reliable matching service for content-based pub/sub service in cloud computing environments, called SREM. Specifically, we mainly focus on two problems: one is how to organize servers in the cloud computing environment to achieve scalable and reliable routing. The other is how to manage subscriptions and events to achieve parallel matching among these servers. Generally speaking, we provide the following contributions:

We propose a distributed overlay protocol, called SkipCloud, to organize servers in the cloud computing environment. SkipCloud enables subscriptions and events to be forwarded among brokers in a scalable and reliable manner. Also it is easy to implement and maintain.

• To achieve scalable and reliable event matching among multiple servers, we propose a hybrid multidimensional space partitioning technique, called HPartition. It allows similar subscriptions to be divided into the same server and provides multiple candidate matching servers for each event. Moreover, it adaptively alleviates hot spots and keeps workload balance among all servers.
• We implement extensive experiments based on a CloudStack testbed to verify the performance of SREM under various parameter settings.
• In order to take advantage of multiple distributed brokers, SREM divides the entire content space among the top clusters of SkipCloud, so that each top cluster only handles a subset of the entire space and searches a small number of candidate subscriptions. SREM employs a hybrid multidimensional space partitioning technique, called HPartition, to achieve scalable and reliable event matching.

ADVANTAGES:

To achieve reliable connectivity and low routing latency, these brokers are connected through a distributed overlay, called SkipCloud. The entire content space is partitioned into disjoint subspaces, each of which is managed by a number of brokers. Subscriptions and events are dispatched to the subspaces that are overlapping with them through SkipCloud.

Since the pub/sub system needs to find all the matched subscribers, it requires each event to be matched in all datacenters, which leads to large traffic overhead with the increasing number of datacenters and the increasing arrival rate of live content.

Besides, it’s hard to achieve workload balance among the servers of all datacenters due to the various skewed distributions of users’ interests. Another question is that why we need a distributed overlay like SkipCloud to ensure reliable logical connectivity in datacenter environment where servers are more stable than the peers in P2P networks.

This is because as the number of servers increases in datacenters, the node failure becomes normal, but not rare exception. The node failure may lead to unreliable and inefficient routing among servers. To this end, we try to organize servers into SkipCloud to reduce the routing latency in a scalable and reliable manner.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

v    Processor                                 –    Pentium –IV

• Speed       –    1 GHz
• RAM       –    256 MB (min)
• Hard Disk      –   20 GB
• Floppy Drive       –    44 MB
• Key Board      –    Standard Windows Keyboard
• Mouse       –    Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor      –    SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System        :           Windows XP or Win7
• Front End       :           JAVA JDK 1.7
• Back End :           MYSQL Server
• Server :           Apache Tomact Server
• Script :           JSP Script
• Document :           MS-Office 2007

ABSTRACT:

As an effective and efficient way to provide computing resources and services to customers on demand, cloud computing has become more and more popular. From cloud service providers’ perspective, profit is one of the most important considerations, and it is mainly determined by the configuration of a cloud service platform under given market demand. However, a single long-term renting scheme is usually adopted to configure a cloud platform, which cannot guarantee the service quality but leads to serious resource waste.

In this paper, a double resource renting scheme is designed firstly in this double renting scheme can effectively guarantee the quality of service of all requests and reduce the resource waste greatly.

Secondly, a service system is considered as an M/M/m+D queuing model and the performance indicators that affect the profit of our double renting scheme are analyzed, e.g., the average charge, the ratio of requests that need temporary servers, and so forth.

Thirdly, a profit maximization problem is formulated for the double renting scheme and the optimized configuration of a cloud platform is obtained by solving the profit maximization problem.

Finally, a series of calculations are conducted to compare the profit of our proposed scheme with that of the single renting scheme. The results show that our scheme can not only guarantee the service quality of all requests, but also obtain more profit than the latter.

INTRODUCTION

We aim at researching the multiserver configuration of a service provider such that its profit is maximized. Like all business, the profit of a service provider in cloud computing is related to two parts, which are the cost and the revenue. For a service provider, the cost is the renting cost paid to the infrastructure providers plus the electricity cost caused by energy consumption, and the revenue is the service charge to customers. In general, a service provider rents a certain number of servers from the infrastructure providers and builds different multiserver systems for different application domains. Each multiserver system is to execute a special type of service requests and applications. Hence, the renting cost is proportional to the number of servers in a multiserver system. The power consumption of a multiserver system is linearly proportional to the number of servers and the server utilization, and to the square of execution speed. The revenue of a service provider is related to the amount of service and the quality of service. To summarize, the profit of a service provider is mainly determined by the configuration of its service platform. To configure a cloud service platform, a service provider usually adopts a single renting scheme.

However, the waiting time of the service requests cannot be too long. In order to satisfy quality-of-service requirements, the waiting time of each incoming service request should be limited within a certain range, which is determined by a service-level agreement (SLA). If the quality of service is guaranteed, the service is fully charged, otherwise, the service provider serves the request for free as a penalty of low quality. To obtain higher revenue, a service provider should rent more servers from the infrastructure providers or scale up the server execution speed to ensure that more service requests are processed with high service quality. However, doing this would lead to sharp increase of the renting cost or the electricity cost. Such increased cost may counterweight the gain from penalty reduction. In conclusion, the single renting scheme is not a good scheme for service providers. In this paper, we propose a novel renting scheme for service providers, which not only can satisfy quality-of-service requirements, but also can obtain more profit.

LITRATURE SURVEY

OPTIMAL MULTISERVER CONFIGURATION FOR PROFIT MAXIMIZATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING

AUTHOR: J. Cao, K. Hwang, K. Li, and A. Y. Zomaya,

PUBLICATION: IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1087–1096, 2013.

EXPALANTION:

As cloud computing becomes more and more popular, understanding the economics of cloud computing becomes critically important. To maximize the profit, a service provider should understand both service charges and business costs, and how they are determined by the characteristics of the applications and the configuration of a multiserver system. The problem of optimal multiserver configuration for profit maximization in a cloud computing environment is studied. Our pricing model takes such factors into considerations as the amount of a service, the workload of an application environment, the configuration of a multiserver system, the service-level agreement, the satisfaction of a consumer, the quality of a service, the penalty of a low-quality service, the cost of renting, the cost of energy consumption, and a service provider’s margin and profit. Our approach is to treat a multiserver system as an M/M/m queuing model, such that our optimization problem can be formulated and solved analytically. Two server speed and power consumption models are considered, namely, the idle-speed model and the constant-speed model. The probability density function of the waiting time of a newly arrived service request is derived. The expected service charge to a service request is calculated. The expected net business gain in one unit of time is obtained. Numerical calculations of the optimal server size and the optimal server speed are demonstrated.

PROFITDRIVEN SCHEDULING FOR CLOUD SERVICES WITH DATA ACCESS AWARENESS

AUTHOR: Y. C. Lee, C. Wang, A. Y. Zomaya, and B. B. Zhou

PUBLICATION: J. Parallel Distr. Com., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 591– 602, 2012

EXPALANTION:

Resource sharing between multiple tenants is a key rationale behind the cost effectiveness in the cloud. While this resource sharing greatly helps service providers improve resource utilization and increase profit, it impacts on the service quality (e.g., the performance of consumer applications). In this paper, we address the reconciliation of these conflicting objectives by scheduling service requests with the dynamic creation of service instances. Specifically, our scheduling algorithms attempt to maximize profit within the satisfactory level of service quality specified by the service consumer. Our contributions include (1) the development of a pricing model using processor-sharing for clouds (i.e., queuing delay is embedded in processing time), (2) the application of this pricing model to composite services with dependency consideration, (3) the development of two sets of service request scheduling algorithms, and (4) the development of a prioritization policy for data service aiming to maximize the profit of data service.

ENERGY AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT OF GREEN DATA CENTERS: A PROFIT MAXIMIZATION APPROACH

AUTHOR: M. Ghamkhari and H. Mohsenian-Rad

PUBLICATION: IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1017–1025, 2013.

EXPALANTION:

While a large body of work has recently focused on reducing data center’s energy expenses, there exists no prior work on investigating the trade-off between minimizing data center’s energy expenditure and maximizing their revenue for various Internet and cloud computing services that they may offer. In this paper, we seek to tackle this shortcoming by proposing a systematic approach to maximize green data center’s profit, i.e., revenue minus cost. In this regard, we explicitly take into account practical service-level agreements (SLAs) that currently exist between data centers and their customers. Our model also incorporates various other factors such as availability of local renewable power generation at data centers and the stochastic nature of data centers’ workload. Furthermore, we propose a novel optimization-based profit maximization strategy for data centers for two different cases, without and with behind-the-meter renewable generators. We show that the formulated optimization problems in both cases are convex programs; therefore, they are tractable and appropriate for practical implementation. Using various experimental data and via computer simulations, we assess the performance of the proposed optimization-based profit maximization strategy and show that it significantly outperforms two comparable energy and performance management algorithms that are recently proposed in the literature.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

EXISTING SYSTEM:

Existing works relevant to the profit of service providers is related with many factors such as the price, the market demand, the system configuration, the customer satisfaction and so forth. Service providers naturally wish to set a higher price to get a higher profit margin; but doing so would decrease the customer satisfaction, which leads to a risk of discouraging demand in the future. Hence, selecting a reasonable pricing strategy is important for service providers. The pricing strategies are divided into two categories, i.e., static pricing and dynamic pricing. Static pricing means that the price of a service request is fixed and known in advance, and it does not change with the conditions.

Previous statically pricing a service provider delays the pricing decision until after the customer demand is revealed, so that the service provider can adjust prices accordingly. Static pricing is the dominant strategy which is widely used in real world and in research. Ghamkhari et al.  Adopted a flat-rate pricing strategy and set a fixed price for all requests, but Odlyzko argued that the predominant flat-rate pricing encourages waste and is incompatible with service differentiation of static pricing strategies are usage-based pricing. For example, the price of a service request is proportional to the service time and task execution requirement.

DISADVANTAGES:

• In Many existing research they only consider the power consumption cost. As a major difference between their models and ours, the resource rental cost is considered in this paper as well, since it is a major part which affects the profit of service providers.
• The traditional single resource renting scheme cannot guarantee the quality of all requests but wastes a great amount of resources due to the uncertainty of system workload. To overcome the weakness, we propose a double renting scheme as follows, which not only can guarantee the quality of service completely but also can reduce the resource waste greatly.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In this paper, we propose a novel renting scheme for service providers, which not only can satisfy quality-of-service requirements, but also can obtain more profit. Our contributions in this paper can be summarized as follows.

A novel double renting scheme is proposed for service providers. It combines long-term renting with short-term renting, which can not only satisfy quality-of-service requirements under the varying system workload, but also reduce the resource waste greatly.

A multiserver system adopted in our paper is modeled as an M/M/m+D queuing model and the performance indicators are analyzed such as the average service charge, the ratio of requests that need shortterm servers, and so forth.

The optimal configuration problem of service providers for profit maximization is formulated and two kinds of optimal solutions, i.e., the ideal solutions and the actual solutions, are obtained respectively.

A series of comparisons are given to verify the performance of our scheme. The results show that the proposed Double-Quality-Guaranteed (DQG) renting scheme can achieve more profit than the compared Single-Quality-Unguaranteed (SQU) renting scheme in the premise of guaranteeing the service quality completely.

In this paper, to overcome the shortcomings mentioned above, a double renting scheme is designed to configure a cloud service platform, which can guarantee the service quality of all requests and reduce the resource waste greatly. Moreover, a profit maximization problem is formulated and solved to get the optimal multiserver configuration which can product more profit than the optimal configuration.

ADVANTAGES:

• We first propose the Double-Quality- Guaranteed (DQG) resource renting scheme which combines long-term renting with short-term renting. The main computing capacity is provided by the long-term rented servers due to their low price. The short-term rented servers provide the extra capacity in peak period.
• In proposed system we are using the Double-Quality-Guaranteed (DQG) renting scheme can achieve more profit than the compared Single-Quality-Unguaranteed (SQU) renting scheme in the premise of guaranteeing the service quality completely.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

v    Processor                                 –    Pentium –IV

• Speed       –    1 GHz
• RAM       –    256 MB (min)
• Hard Disk      –   20 GB
• Floppy Drive         –    44 MB
• Key Board      –    Standard Windows Keyboard
• Mouse       –    Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor      –    SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

JAVA

• Operating System        :           Windows XP, Win7 or Win8
• Front End       :           JAVA JDK 1.7
• Back End :           MYSQL Server
• Server :           Apache Tomact Server
• Script :           JSP Script
• Document :           MS-Office 2007

ABSTRACT:

Data deduplication is one of important data compression techniques for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data, and has been widely used in cloud storage to reduce the amount of storage space and save bandwidth. To protect the confidentiality of sensitive data while supporting deduplication, the convergent encryption technique has been proposed to encrypt the data before outsourcing. To better protect data security, this paper makes the first attempt to formally address the problem of authorized data deduplication. Different from traditional deduplication systems, the differential privileges of users are further considered in duplicate check besides the data itself. We also present several new deduplication constructions supporting authorized duplicate check in a hybrid cloud architecture. Security analysis demonstrates that our scheme is secure in terms of the definitions specified in the proposed security model. As a proof of concept, we implement a prototype of our proposed authorized duplicate check scheme and conduct test bed experiments using our prototype. We show that our proposed authorized duplicate check scheme incurs minimal overhead compared to normal operations.

INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing provides seemingly unlimited “virtualized” resources to users as services across the whole Internet, while hiding platform and implementation details. Today’s cloud  service providers offer both highly vailable storage and massively parallel computing resourcesat relatively low costs. As cloud computing becomes prevalent, an increasing amount of data is being stored in the cloud and shared by users with specified privileges, which define the access rights of the stored data. One critical challenge of cloud storage services is the management of the ever-increasing volume of data. To make data management scalable in cloud computing, deduplication  has been a well-known technique and has attracted more and more attention recently. Data deduplication is a specialized data compression technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data in storage.

The technique is used to improve storage utilization and can also be applied to network data transfers to reduce the number of bytes that must be sent. Instead of keeping multiple data copies with the same content, deduplication eliminates redundant data by keeping only one physical copy and referring other redundant data to that copy. Deduplication can take place at either the file level or the block level. For file level deduplication, it eliminates duplicate copies of the same file. Deduplication can also take place at the block level, which eliminates duplicate blocks of data that occur in non-identical files. Although data deduplication brings a lot of benefits, security and privacy concerns arise as users’ sensitive data are susceptible to both insider and outsider attacks. Traditional encryption, while providing data confidentiality, is incompatible with data deduplication. Specifically, traditional encryption requires different users to encrypt their data with their own keys.

Thus, identical data copies of different users will lead to different ciphertexts, making deduplication impossible. Convergent encryption  has been proposed to enforce data confidentiality while making deduplication feasible. It encrypts decrypts a data copy with a convergent key, which is obtained by computing the cryptographic hash value of the content of the data copy. After key generation and data encryption, users retain the keys and send the ciphertext to the cloud. Since the encryption operation is deterministic and is derived from the data content, identical data copies will generate the same convergent key and hence the same ciphertext. To prevent unauthorized access, a secure proof of ownership protocol  is also needed to provide the proof that the user indeed ownsthe same file when a duplicate is found. After the proof, subsequent users with the same file will be provided a pointer from the server without needing to upload the same file. A user can download the encrypted file with the pointer from the server, which can only be decryptedby the corresponding data owners with their convergent keys.

Thus, convergent encryption allows the cloud to perform deduplication on the ciphertexts and the proof of ownership prevents the unauthorized user to access the file. However, previous deduplication systems cannot supportdifferential authorization duplicate check, which is importantin many applications. In such an authorized deduplication system, each user is issued a set of privileges during system initialization (in Section 3, we elaborate the definition of a privilege with examples). Each file uploaded to the cloud is also bounded by a set of privileges to specify which kind of users is allowed to perform the duplicate check and access the files. Before

submitting his duplicate check request for some file, the user needs to take this file and his own privileges as inputs.

 The user is able to find a duplicate for this file if and only if there is a copy of this file and a matched privilege stored in cloud. For example, in a company, many different privileges will be assigned to employees. In order to save cost and efficiently management, the data will be moved to the storage server provider (SCSP) in the public cloud with specified privileges and the deduplication technique will be applied to store only one copy of the same file. Becase of privacy consideration, some files will be encrypted and allowed the duplicate check by employees with specified privileges to realize the access control. Traditional deduplication systems based on convergent encryption, although providing confidentiality to some extent, do not support the duplicate check with differential privileges. In other words, no differential privileges have been considered in the deduplication based on convergent encryption technique. It seems to be contradicted if we want to realize both deduplication and differential authorizationduplicate check at the same time.

ABSTRACT:

Hybrid wireless networks combining the advantages of both mobile ad-hoc networks and infrastructure wireless networks have been receiving increased attention due to their ultra-high performance. An efficient data routing protocol is important in such networks for high network capacity and scalability. However, most routing protocols for these networks simply combine the ad-hoc transmission mode with the cellular transmission mode, which inherits the drawbacks of ad-hoc transmission.

This paper presents a Distributed Three-hop Routing protocol (DTR) for hybrid wireless networks. To take full advantage of the widespread base stations, DTR divides a message data stream into segments and transmits the segments in a distributed manner. It makes full spatial reuse of a system via its high speed ad-hoc interface and alleviates mobile gateway congestion via its cellular interface. Furthermore, sending segments to a number of base stations simultaneously increases throughput and makes full use of widespread base stations.

DTR significantly reduces overhead due to short path lengths and the elimination of route discovery and maintenance. DTR also has a congestion control algorithm to avoid overloading base stations. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the superiority of DTR in comparison with other routing protocols in terms of throughput capacity, scalability, and mobility resilience. The results also show the effectiveness of the congestion control algorithm in balancing the load between base stations.

INTRODUCTION:

Wireless networks including infrastructure wireless networks and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have attracted significant research interest. The growing desire to increase wireless network capacity for high performance applications has stimulated the development of hybrid wireless networks. A hybrid wireless network consists of both an infrastructure wireless network and a mobile ad-hoc network. Wireless devices such as smart-phones, tablets and laptops, have both an infrastructure interface and an ad-hoc interface. As the number of such devices has been increasing sharply in recent years, a hybrid transmission structure will be widely used in the near future. Such a structure synergistically combines the inherent advantages and overcome the disadvantages of the infrastructure wireless networks and mobile ad-hoc networks. In a mobile ad-hoc network, with the absence of a central control infrastructure, data is routed to its destination through the intermediate nodes in a multi-hop manner. The multi-hop routing needs on-demand route discovery or route maintenance.

Since the messages are transmitted in wireless channels and through dynamic routing paths, mobile ad-hoc networks are not as reliable as infrastructure wireless networks. Furthermore, because of the multi-hop transmission feature, mobile ad-hoc networks are only suitable for local area data transmission. The infrastructure wireless network (e.g., cellular network) is the major means of wireless communication in our daily lives. It excels at inter-cell communication (i.e., communication between nodes in different cells) and Internet access. It makes possible the support of universal network connectivity and ubiquitous computing by integrating all kinds of wireless devices into the network. In an infrastructure network, nodes communicate with each other through base stations (BSes).

A hybrid wireless network synergistically combines an infrastructure wireless network and a mobile ad-hoc network to leverage their advantages and overcome their shortcomings, and finally increases the throughput capacity of a wide-area wireless network. A routing protocol is a critical component that affects the throughput capacity of a wireless network in data transmission. Most current routing protocols in hybrid wireless networks simply combine the cellular transmission mode (i.e., BS transmission mode) in infrastructure wireless networks and the ad-hoc transmission mode in mobile ad-hoc networks. That is, as shown in Fig. 1a, the protocols use the multi-hop routing to forward a message to the mobile gateway nodes that are closest to the BSes or have the highest bandwidth to the BSes. The bandwidth of a channel is the maximum throughput (i.e., transmission rate in bits/s) that can be achieved. The mobile gateway nodes then forward the messages to the BSes, functioning as bridges to connect the ad-hoc network and the infrastructure network.

Since BSes are connected with a wired backbone, we assume that there are no bandwidth and power constraints on transmissions between BSes. We use intermediate nodes to denote relay nodes that function as gateways connecting an infrastructure wireless network and a mobile ad-hoc network. We assume every mobile node is dual-mode; that is, it has ad-hoc network interface such as a WLAN radio interface and infrastructure network interface such as a 3G cellular interface. DTR aims to shift the routing burden from the ad-hoc network to the infrastructure network by taking advantage of widespread base stations in a hybrid wireless network. Rather than using one multi-hop path to forward a message to one BS, DTR uses at most two hops to relay the segments of a message to different BSes in a distributed manner, and relies on BSes to combine the segments.

We simplify the routings in the infrastructure network for clarity. As shown in the figure, when a source node wants to transmit a message stream to a destination node, it divides the message stream into a number of partial streams called segments and transmits each segment to a neighbor node. Upon receiving a segment from the source node, a neighbor node locally decides between direct transmission and relay transmission based on the QoS requirement of the application. The neighbor nodes forward these segments in a distributed manner to nearby BSes. Relying on the infrastructure network routing, the BSes further transmit the segments to the BS where the destination node resides. The final BS rearranges the segments into the original order and forwards the segments to the destination. It uses the cellular IP transmission method [30] to send segments to the destination if the destination moves to another BS during segment transmission.

LITRATURE SURVEY:

OPTIMAL MULTI-HOP CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

AUTOHRS: Y. H. Tam, H. S. Hassanein, S. G. Akl, and R. Benkoczi

PUBLISH: Proc. Local Comput. Netw., 2006, pp. 738–745.

EXPLANATION:

Multi-hop relaying is an important concept in future generation wireless networks. It can address the inherent problems of limited capacity and coverage in cellular networks. However, most multi-hop relaying architectures are designed based on a small fixed-cell-size and a dense network. In a sparse network, the throughput and call acceptance ratio degrades because distant mobile nodes cannot reach the base station to use the available capacity. In addition, a fixed-cell-size cannot adapt to the dynamic changes of traffic pattern and network topology. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-hop relaying architecture called the adaptive multi-hop cellular architecture (AMC). AMC adapts the cell size to an optimal value that maximizes throughput by taking into account the dynamic changes of network density, traffic patterns, and network topology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that adaptive (or optimal) cell size is accounted for in a multi-hop cellular environment. AMC also achieves the design goals of a good multi-hop relaying architecture. Simulation results show that AMC outperforms a fixed-cell-size multi-hop cellular architecture and a single-hop case in terms of data throughput, and call acceptance ratio.

COOPERATIVE PACKET DELIVERY IN HYBRID WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS: A COALITIONAL GAME APPROACH

AUTOHRS: K. Akkarajitsakul, E. Hossain, and D. Niyato

PUBLISH: IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 840–854, May 2013

EXPLANATION:

We consider the problem of cooperative packet delivery to mobile nodes in a hybrid wireless mobile network, where both infrastructure-based and infrastructure-less (i.e., ad hoc mode or peer-to-peer mode) communications are used. We propose a solution based on a coalition formation among mobile nodes to cooperatively deliver packets among these mobile nodes in the same coalition. A coalitional game is developed to analyze the behavior of the rational mobile nodes for cooperative packet delivery. A group of mobile nodes makes a decision to join or to leave a coalition based on their individual payoffs. The individual payoff of each mobile node is a function of the average delivery delay for packets transmitted to the mobile node from a base station and the cost incurred by this mobile node for relaying packets to other mobile nodes. To find the payoff of each mobile node, a Markov chain model is formulated and the expected cost and packet delivery delay are obtained when the mobile node is in a coalition. Since both the expected cost and packet delivery delay depend on the probability that each mobile node will help other mobile nodes in the same coalition to forward packets to the destination mobile node in the same coalition, a bargaining game is used to find the optimal helping probabilities. After the payoff of each mobile node is obtained, we find the solutions of the coalitional game which are the stable coalitions. A distributed algorithm is presented to obtain the stable coalitions and a Markov-chain-based analysis is used to evaluate the stable coalitional structures obtained from the distributed algorithm. Performance evaluation results show that when the stable coalitions are formed, the mobile nodes achieve a nonzero payoff (i.e., utility is higher than the cost). With a coalition formation, the mobile nodes achieve higher payoff than that when each mobile node acts alone.

EFFICIENT RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN HYBRID WIRELESS NETWORKS

AUTOHRS: B. Bengfort, W. Zhang, and X. Du

PUBLISH: Proc. Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf., 2011, pp. 820–825.

EXPLANATION:

n this paper, we study an emerging type of wireless network – Hybrid Wireless Networks (HWNs). A HWN consists of an infrastructure wireless network (e.g., a cellular network) and several ad hoc nodes (such as a Mobile ad hoc network). Forming a HWN is a very cost-effective way to improve wireless coverage and the available bandwidth to users. Specifically, in this work we investigate the issue of bandwidth allocation in multi-hop HWNs. We propose three efficient bandwidth allocation schemes for HWNs: top-down, bottom-up, and auction-based allocation schemes. In order to evaluate the bandwidth allocation schemes, we develop a simulated HWN environment. Our simulation results show that the proposed schemes achieve good performance: the schemes can achieve maximum revenue/utility in many cases, while also providing fairness. We also show that each of the schemes has merit in different application scenarios.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

EXISTING SYSTEM:

Existing methods in the Two-hop transmission protocol in terms of the elimination of route maintenance and the limited number of hops in routing. In two-hop, when a node’s bandwidth to a BS is larger than that of each neighbor, it directly sends a message to the BS. Otherwise, it chooses a neighbor with a higher channel and sends a message to it, which further forwards the message to the BS uses distributed transmission involving multiple cells, which makes full use of system resources and dynamically balances the traffic load between neighboring cells. In contrast, Two-hop employs single-path transmission.

Direct combination of the two transmission modes inherits the following problems that are rooted in the ad-hoc transmission mode. 

High overhead: Route discovery and maintenance incur high overhead. The wireless random access medium access control (MAC) required in mobile ad-hoc networks, which utilizes control handshaking and a back-off mechanism, further increases overhead. 

Hot spots: The mobile gateway nodes can easily become hot spots. The RTS-CTS random access, in which most traffic goes through the same gateway, and the flooding employed in mobile ad-hoc routing to discover routes may exacerbate the hot spot problem. In addition, mobile nodes only use the channel resources in their route direction, which may generate hot spots while leave resources in other directions under-utilized. Hot spots lead to low transmission rates, severe network congestion, and high data dropping rates. 

Low reliability: Dynamic and long routing paths lead to unreliable routing. Noise interference and neighbor interference during the multi-hop transmission process because a high data drop rate. Long routing paths increase the probability of the occurrence of path breakdown due to the highly dynamic nature of wireless ad-hoc networks.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Route discovery and maintenance incur high overhead.
• The mobile gateway nodes can easily become hot spots.
• Dynamic and long routing paths lead to unreliable routing.
• Noise interference and neighbor interference during the multi-hop transmission process because a high data drop rate.
• Long routing paths increase the probability of the occurrence of path breakdown due to the highly dynamic nature of wireless ad-hoc networks.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

We propose a Distributed Three-hop Data Routing protocol (DTR). In DTR, as shown in Fig. 1b, a source node divides a message stream into a number of segments. Each segment is sent to a neighbor mobile node. Based on the QoS requirement, these mobile relay nodes choose between direct transmissions or relay transmission to the BS. In relay transmission, a segment is forwarded to another mobile node with higher capacity to a BS than the current node. In direct transmission, a segment is directly forwarded to a BS. In the infrastructure, the segments are rearranged in their original order and sent to the destination. The number of routing hops in DTR is confined to three, including at most two hops in the ad-hoc transmission mode and one hop in the cellular transmission mode. To overcome the aforementioned shortcomings, DTR tries to limit the number of hops. The first hop forwarding distributes the segments of a message in different directions to fully utilize the resources, and the possible second hop forwarding ensures the high capacity of the forwarder.

DTR also has a congestion control algorithm to balance the traffic load between the nearby BSes in order to avoid traffic congestion at BSes. Using self-adaptive and distributed routing with high speed and short-path ad-hoc transmission, DTR significantly increases the throughput capacity and scalability of hybrid wireless networks by overcoming the three shortcomings of the previous routing algorithms.

It has the following features:  

• Low overhead: It eliminates overhead caused by route discovery and maintenance in the ad-hoc transmission mode, especially in a dynamic environment.
• Hot spot reduction: It alleviates traffic congestion at mobile gateway nodes while makes full use of channel resources through a distributed multi-path relay.
• High reliability: Because of its small hop path length with a short physical distance in each step, it alleviates noise and neighbor interference and avoids the adverse effect of route breakdown during data transmission. Thus, it reduces the packet drop rate and makes full use of special reuse, in which several source and destination nodes can communicate simultaneously without interference.

ADVANTAGES:

• DTR eliminates overhead caused by route discovery and maintenance in the ad-hoc transmission mode, especially in a dynamic environment.
• DTR should alleviate traffic congestion at mobile gateway nodes while makes full use of channel resources through a distributed multi-path relay.
• Because of its small hop path length with a short physical distance in each step, it alleviates noise and neighbor interference and avoids the adverse effect of route breakdown during data transmission.
• DTR reduces the packet drop rate and makes full use of spacial reuse, in which several source and destination nodes can communicate simultaneously without interference.
• Network with High Throughput Performance.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

v    Processor                                 –    Pentium –IV

• Speed       –    1 GHz
• RAM       –    256 MB (min)
• Hard Disk      –   20 GB
• Floppy Drive       –    44 MB
• Key Board      –    Standard Windows Keyboard
• Mouse       –    Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor      –    SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

JAVA

• Operating System        :           Windows XP or Win7
• Front End       :           JAVA JDK 1.7
• Back End :           MYSQL Server
• Server :           Apache Tomact Server
• Script :           JSP Script
• Document :           MS-Office 2007

ABSTRACT:

Traditional routing metrics designed for wireless networks are application agnostic. In this paper, we consider a wireless network where the application flows consist of video traffic. From a user perspective, reducing the level of video distortion is critical. We ask the question “Should the routing policies change if the end-to-end video distortion is to be minimized?” Popular link-quality-based routing metrics (such as ETX) do not account for dependence (in terms of congestion) across the links of a path; as a result, they can because video flows to converge onto a few paths and, thus, cause high video distortion. To account for the evolution of the video frame loss process, we construct an analytical framework to, first, understand and, second, assess the impact of the wireless network on video distortion. The framework allows us to formulate a routing policy for minimizing distortion, based on which we design a protocol for routing video traffic. We find via simulations and tested experiments that our protocol is efficient in reducing video distortion and minimizing the user experience degradation.

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of smart phones, video traffic has become very popular in wireless networks. In tactical networks or disaster recovery, one can envision the transfer of video clips to facilitate mission management. From a user perspective, maintaining a good quality of the transferred video is critical. The video quality is affected by: 1) the distortion due to compression at the source, and 2) the distortion due to both wireless channel induced errors and interference. Video encoding standards, like MPEG-4 [1] or H.264/AVC, define groups of I-, P-, and B-type frames that provide different levels of encoding and, thus, protection against transmission losses. In particular, the different levels of encoding refer to: 1) either information encoded independently, in the case of I-frames, or 2) encoding relative to the information encoded within other frames, as is the case for P- and B-frames.

This Group of Pictures (GOP) allows for the mapping of frame losses into a distortion metric that can be used to assess the application-level performance of video transmissions. One of the critical functionalities that is often neglected, but affects the end-to-end quality of a video flow, is routing. Typical routing protocols, designed for wireless multihop settings, are application-agnostic and do not account for correlation of losses on the links that compose a route from a source to a destination node. Furthermore, since flows are considered independently, they can converge onto certain links that then become heavily loaded (thereby increasing video distortion), while others are significantly underutilized. The decisions made by such routing protocols are based on only network (and not application) parameters.

Our thesis is that the user-perceived video quality can be significantly improved by accounting for application requirements, and specifically the video distortion experienced by a flow, end-to-end. Typically, the schemes used to encode a video clip can accommodate a certain number of packet losses per frame. However, if the number of lost packets in a frame exceeds a certain threshold, the frame cannot be decoded correctly. A frame loss will result in some amount of distortion. The value of distortion at a hop along the path from the source to the destination depends on the positions of the unrecoverable video frames (simply referred to as frames) in the GOP, at that hop. As one of our main contributions, we construct an analytical model to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process that describes the evolution of frame losses in the GOP (instead of just focusing on a network quality metric such as the packet-loss probability) as video is delivered on an end-to-end path. Specifically, with our model, we capture how the choice of path for an end-to-end flow affects the performance of a flow in terms of video distortion.

Our model is built based on a multilayer approach in the packet-loss probability on a link is mapped to the probability of a frame loss in the GOP. The frame-loss probability is then directly associated with the video distortion metric. By using the above mapping from the network-specific property (i.e., packet-loss probability) to the application-specific quality metric (i.e., video distortion), we pose the problem of routing as an optimization problem where the objective is to find the path from the source to the destination that minimizes the end-to-end distortion. In our formulation, we explicitly take into account the history of losses in the GOP along the path. This is in stark contrast with traditional routing metrics (such as the total expected transmission count (ETX) wherein the links are treated independently.

Our solution to the problem is based on a dynamic programming approach that effectively captures the evolution of the frame-loss process. We then design a practical routing protocol, based on the above solution, to minimize routing distortion. In a nutshell, since the loss of the longer I-frames that carry fine-grained information affects the distortion metric more, our approach ensures that these frames are carried on the paths that experience the least congestion; the latter frames in a GOP are sent out on relatively more congested paths. Our routing scheme is optimized for transferring video clips on wireless networks with minimum video distortion. Since optimizing for video streaming is not an objective of our scheme, constraints relating to time (such as jitter) are not directly taken into account in the design.

LITRATURE SURVEY

TITLE: AN EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR MORE REALISTIC SIMULATIONS OF MPEG VIDEO TRANSMISSION

PUBLICATION: J. Inf. Sci. Eng., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 425–440, Mar. 2008.

AUTHORS: C.-H. Ke, C.-K. Shieh, W.-S. Hwang, and A. Ziviani

EXPLANATION:

We present a novel and complete tool-set for evaluating the delivery quality of MPEG video transmissions in simulations of a network environment. This tool-set is based on the EvalVid framework. We extend the connecting interfaces of EvalVid to replace its simple error simulation model by a more general network simulator like NS2. With this combination, researchers and practitioners in general can analyze through simulation the performance of real video streams, i.e. taking into account the video semantics, under a large range of network scenarios. To demonstrate the usefulness of our new tool-set, we point out that it enables the investigation of the relationship between two popular objective metrics for Quality of Service (QoS) assessment of video quality delivery: the PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and the fraction of decodable frames. The results show that the fraction of decodable frames reflects well the behavior of the PSNR metric, while being less time-consuming. Therefore, the fraction of decodable frames can be an alternative metric to objectively assess through simulations the delivery quality of transmission in a network of publicly available video trace files.

TITLE: MULTIPATH ROUTING OVER WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS FOR MULTIPLE DESCRIPTION VIDEO TRANSMISSION

PUBLICATION: IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 321–331, Apr. 2010.

AUTHORS: B. Rong, Y. Qian, K. Lu, R. Qingyang, and M. Kadoch

EXPLANATION:

In the past few years, wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have drawn significant attention from academia and industry as a fast, easy, and inexpensive solution for broadband wireless access. In WMNs, it is important to support video communications in an efficient way. To address this issue, this paper studies the multipath routing for multiple description (MD) video delivery over IEEE 802.11 based WMN. Specifically, we first design a framework to transmit MD video over WMNs through multiple paths; we then investigate the technical challenges encountered. In our proposed framework, multipath routing relies on the maximally disjoint paths to achieve good traffic engineering performance. However, video applications usually have strict delay requirements, which make it difficult to find multiple qualified paths with the least joints. To overcome this problem, we develop an enhanced version of Guaranteed-Rate (GR) packet scheduling algorithm, namely virtual reserved rate GR (VRR-GR), to shorten the packet delay of video communications in multiservice network environment. Simulation study shows that our proposed approach can reduce the latency of video delivery and achieve desirable traffic engineering performance in multipath routing environment.

TITLE: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF H.264/SVC VIDEO STREAMING OVER MOBILE WIMAX

PUBLICATION: Comput. Netw., vol. 55, no. 15, pp. 3578–3591, Oct. 2011.

AUTHORS: D. Migliorini, E. Mingozzi, and C. Vallati

EXPLANATION:

Mobile broadband wireless networks, such as mobile WiMAX, have been designed to support several features like, e.g., Quality of Service (QoS) or enhanced data protection mechanisms, in order to provide true access to real-time multimedia applications like Voice over IP or Video on Demand. On the other hand, recently defined video coding schemes, like H.264 scalable video coding (H.264/SVC), are evolving in order to better adapt to such mobile environments with heterogeneous clients and time-varying available capacity. In this work we assess the performance of H.264/SVC video streaming over mobile WiMAX under realistic network conditions. To this aim, we make use of specific metrics, like PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) or MOS (Mean Opinion Score), which are related to the quality of experience as perceived by the end user. Simulation results show that the performance is sensitive to the different available H.264/SVC encoding options, which respond differently to the loss of data in the network. On the other hand, if aggressive error recovery based on WiMAX data protection mechanisms is used, this might lead to unacceptable latencies in the video play out, especially for those mobiles with poor wireless channel characteristics.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

EXISTING SYSTEM:

Existing methods in WMNs, it is important to support video communications in an efficient way. To address this issue, this paper studies the single path routing for multiple description (MD) video delivery over IEEE 802.11 based WMN. Specifically, we first design a framework to transmit MD video over WMNs through single paths; we then investigate the technical challenges encountered framework, multipath routing relies on the maximally disjoint paths to achieve good traffic engineering performance.

However, video applications usually have strict delay requirements, which make it difficult to find multiple qualified paths with the least joints an enhanced version of Guaranteed-Rate (GR) packet scheduling algorithm, namely virtual reserved rate GR (VRR-GR), to shorten the packet delay of video communications in multiservice network environment. Simulation study shows that existing approach can reduce the latency of video delivery and achieve desirable traffic engineering performance in single path routing environment.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Different approaches exist in handling such an encoding and transmission in the Multiple Description Coding technique fragments the initial video clip into a number of substreams called descriptions packet losses.
• The descriptions are transmitted on the network over disjoint paths. These descriptions are equivalent in the sense that any one of them is sufficient for the decoding process very low buffer.
• Layered Coding produces a base layer and multiple enhancement layers. The enhancement layers serve only to refine the base-layer quality and are not useful on their own routing is single path.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In this paper, our thesis is that the user-perceived video quality can be significantly improved by accounting for application requirements, and specifically the video distortion experienced by a flow, end-to-end. Typically, the schemes used to encode a video clip can accommodate a certain number of packet losses per frame. However, if the number of lost packets in a frame exceeds a certain threshold, the frame cannot be decoded correctly. A frame loss will result in some amount of distortion. The value of distortion at a hop along the path from the source to the destination depends on the positions of the unrecoverable video frames (simply referred to as frames) in the GOP, at that hop. As one of our main contributions, we construct an analytical model to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process that describes the evolution of frame losses in the GOP (instead of just focusing on a network quality metric such as the packet-loss probability) as video is delivered on an end-to-end path.

Specifically, with our model, we capture how the choice of path for an end-to-end flow affects the performance of a flow in terms of video distortion. Our model is built based on a multilayer approach as shown in Fig. 1. The packet-loss probability on a link is mapped to the probability of a frame loss in the GOP. The frame-loss probability is then directly associated with the video distortion metric. By using the above mapping from the network-specific property (i.e., packet-loss probability) to the application-specific quality metric (i.e., video distortion), we pose the problem of routing as an optimization problem where the objective is to find the path from the source to the destination that minimizes the end-to-end distortion.

ADVANTAGES:

Developing an analytical framework to capture the impact of routing on video distortion as our primary contribution, we develop an analytical framework that captures the impact of routing on the end-to-end video quality in terms of distortion.

 Specifically, the framework facilitates the computation of routes that are optimal in terms of achieving the minimum distortion. The model takes into account the joint impact of the PHY and MAC layers and the application semantics on the video quality.

Design of a practical routing protocol for distortion-resilient video delivery: Based on our analysis, we design a practical routing protocol for a network that primarily carries wireless video. The practical protocol allows a source to collect distortion information on the links in the network and distribute traffic across the different paths in accordance to: 1) the distortion, and 2) the position of a frame in the GOP.

Evaluations via extensive experiments: We demonstrate via extensive simulations and real testbed experiments on a multihop 802.11a testbed that our protocol is extremely effective in reducing the end-to-end video distortion and keeping the user experience degradation to a minimum rate.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

v    Processor                                 –    Pentium –IV

• Speed       –    1 GHz
• RAM       –    256 MB (min)
• Hard Disk       –   20 GB
• Floppy Drive        –    44 MB
• Key Board       –    Standard Windows Keyboard
• Mouse        –    Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor       –    SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System          :           Windows XP or Win7
• Front End        :           JAVA JDK 1.7
• Tools                                     :           Netbeans 7
• Document :           MS-Office 2007