SECURE AND EFFICIENT DATA TRANSMISSION FOR CLUSTER-BASED
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
By
A
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering in the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
APRIL 2015
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled “SECURE AND EFFICIENT DATA TRANSMISSION FOR CLUSTER-BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS SYSTEMS” is the bonafide work of Mr. _____________Who carried out the research under my supervision Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the H.O.D
Name Name
CHAPTER 1
Secure data transmission is a critical issue for wireless sensor networks (WSNs).Clustering is an effective and practical way to enhance the system performance of WSNs. In this paper, we study a secure data transmission for cluster-based WSNs (CWSNs), where the clusters are formed dynamically and periodically. We propose two Secure and Efficient data Transmission (SET) protocols for CWSNs, called SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS, by using the Identity-Based digital Signature (IBS) scheme and the Identity-Based Online/Offline digital Signature (IBOOS) scheme, respectively. In SET-IBS, security relies on the hardness of the Diffie-Hellman problem in the pairing domain. SET-IBOOS further reduces the computational overhead for protocol security, which is crucial for WSNs, while its security relies on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem. We show the feasibility of the SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS protocols with respect to the security requirements and security analysis against various attacks. The calculations and simulations are provided to] illustrate the efficiency of the proposed protocols. The results show that, the proposed protocols have better performance than the existing secure protocols for CWSNs, in terms of security overhead and energy consumption.
1.2 INTRODUCTION
A sensor network (WSN) is a network system comprised of spatially distributed devices using wireless sensor nodes to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as sound, temperature, and motion. The individual nodes are capable of sensing their environments, processing the information data locally, and sending data to one or more collection points in a WSN. Efficient data transmission is one of the most important issues for WSNs. Meanwhile, many WSNs are deployed in harsh, neglected and often adversarial physical environments for certain applications, such as military domains and sensing tasks with trustless surroundings. Secure and efficient data transmission is thus especially necessary and is demanded in many such practical WSNs.
Cluster-based data transmission in WSNs
has been investigated by researchers to achieve the network scalability and
management, which maximizes node lifetime and reduce bandwidth consumption by
using local collaboration among sensor nodes in a cluster-based WSN (CWSN),
every cluster has a leader sensor node, regarded as cluster head (CH). A CH
aggregates the data collected by the leaf nodes (non-CH sensor nodes) in its
cluster, and sends the aggregation to the base station (BS). The low-energy
adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is a widely known and effective
one to reduce and balance the total energy consumption for CWSNs. To prevent
quick energy consumption of the set of CHs, LEACH randomly rotates CHs among
all sensor nodes in the network, in rounds. LEACH achieves improvements in
terms of network lifetime. Following the idea of LEACH, a number of protocols
have been presented such as APTEEN and PEACH which use similar concepts of
LEACH. In this paper, for convenience, we call this sort of cluster-based
protocols as LEACH-like protocols.
Researchers have been widely studying CWSNs in the last decade in the literature. However, the implementation of the cluster-based architecture in the real world is rather complicated. Adding security to LEACH-like protocols is challenging because they dynamically, randomly, and periodically rearrange the network’s clusters and data links. Therefore, providing steady long-lasting node-to-node trust relationships and common key distributions are inadequate for LEACH-like protocols (most existing solutions are provided for distributed WSNs, but not for CWSNs). There are some secure data transmission protocols based on LEACH-like protocols, such as SecLEACH, GS-LEACH, and RLEACH.
Most of them, however, apply the symmetric key management for security, which suffers from a so-called orphan node problem occurs when a node does not share a pairwise key with others in its preloaded key ring. To mitigate the storage cost of symmetric keys, the key ring in a node is not sufficient for it to share pairwise symmetric keys with all of the nodes in a network. In such a case, it cannot participate in any cluster, and therefore, has to elect itself as a CH. Furthermore, the orphan node problem reduces the possibility of a node joining with a CH, when the number of alive nodes owning pairwise keys decreases after a long-term operation of the network.
Since the more CHs elected by them, the
more overall energy consumed of the network the orphan node problem increases
the overhead of transmission and system energy consumption by raising the
number of CHs. Even in the case that a sensor node does share a pairwise key
with a distant CH but not a nearby CH, it requires comparatively high energy to
transmit data to the distant CH. The feasibility of the asymmetric key
management has been shown in WSNs recently, which compensates the shortage from
applying the symmetric key management for security. Digital signature is one of
the most critical security services offered by cryptography in asymmetric key
management systems, where the binding between the public key and the
identification of the signer is obtained via a digital certificate. The
identity-based digital signature (IBS) scheme, based on the difficulty of
factoring integers from identity-based cryptography (IBC), is to derive an
entity’s public key from its identity information, for example, from its name
or ID number.
Recently, the concept of IBS has been
developed as a key management in WSNs for security. Carman first combined the
benefits of IBS and key predistribution set into WSNs, and some papers appeared
in recent years IBOOS scheme has been proposed to reduce the computation and
storage costs of signature processing. A general method for constructing
online/offline signature schemes was introduced by Even et al. The IBOOS scheme
could be effective for the key management in WSNs. Specifically; the offline
phase can be executed on a sensor node or at the BS prior to communication,
while the online phase is to be executed during communication. Some IBOOS
schemes are designed for WSNs afterwards, such as [20] and [21]. The offline
signature in these schemes, however, is precomputed by a third party and lacks
reusability, thus they are not suitable for CWSNs.
A SECURE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER-BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING ID-BASED DIGITAL SIGNATURE
AUTHOR: H. Lu, J. Li, and H. Kameda,
PUBLISH: Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, pp. 1-5, 2010.
In this paper, we study
the secure routing for cluster-based sensor networks where clusters are formed
dynamically and periodically. We point out the deficiency in the secure routing
protocols with symmetric key pairing. Along with the investigation of ID-based
cryptography for security in WSNs, we propose a new secure routing protocol
with ID-based signature scheme for cluster-based WSNs, in which the security
relies on the hardness of the Diffie-Hellman problem in the random oracle
model. Because of the communication overhead for security, we provide analysis
and simulation results in details to illustrate how various parameters act
between security and energy efficiency.
AN IDENTITY-BASED SECURITY SYSTEM FOR USER PRIVACY IN VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS
AUTHOR: J. Sun et al., IEEE Trans. Parallel & Distributed Systems,
Vehicular ad hoc
network (VANET) can offer various services and benefits to users and thus
deserves deployment effort. Attacking and misusing such network could cause
destructive consequences. It is therefore necessary to integrate security
requirements into the design of VANETs and defend VANET systems against
misbehavior, in order to ensure correct and smooth operations of the network.
In this paper, we propose a security system for VANETs to achieve privacy
desired by vehicles and traceability required by law enforcement authorities,
in addition to satisfying fundamental security requirements including
authentication, nonrepudiation, message integrity, and confidentiality.
Moreover, we propose a privacy-preserving defense technique for network
authorities to handle misbehavior in VANET access, considering the challenge
that privacy provides avenue for misbehavior. The proposed system employs an
identity-based cryptosystem where certificates are not needed for
authentication. We show the fulfillment and feasibility of our system with
respect to the security goals and efficiency.
A SECURE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER-BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING GROUP KEY MANAGEMENT
AUTHOR: K. Zhang, C. Wang, and C. Wang,
PUBLISH: Proc. Fourth Int’l Conf. Wireless Comm., Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), pp. 1-5, 2008.
Wireless sensor
networks routing protocols always neglect security problem at the designing
step, while plenty of solutions of this problem exist, one of which is using
key management. Researchers have proposed many key management schemes, but most
of them were designed for flat wireless sensor networks, which is not fit for
cluster-based wireless sensor networks (e.g. LEACH). In this paper, we
investigate adding security to cluster-based routing protocols for wireless
sensor networks which consisted of sensor nodes with severely limited
resources, and propose a security solution for LEACH, a protocol in which the
clusters are formed dynamically and periodically. Our solution uses improved
random pair-wise keys (RPK) scheme, an optimized security scheme that relys on
symmetric-key methods; is lightweight and preserves the core of the original
LEACH. Simulations show that security of RLEACH has been improved, with less
energy consumption and lighter overhead.
CHAPTER 2
2.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:
LEACH-like protocols is challenging because
they dynamically, randomly, and periodically rearrange the network’s clusters
and data links providing steady long-lasting node-to-node trust relationships
and common key distributions are inadequate for LEACH-like protocols (most
existing solutions are provided for distributed WSNs, but not for CWSNs). There
are some secure data transmission protocols based on LEACH-like protocols, such
as SecLEACH, GS-LEACH and RLEACH. Most of them, however, apply the symmetric
key management for security, which suffers from a so-called orphan node problem
occurs when a node does not share a pairwise key with others in its preloaded
key ring. To mitigate the storage cost of symmetric keys, the key ring in a
node is not sufficient for it to share pairwise symmetric keys with all of the
nodes in a network. In such a case, it cannot participate in any cluster, and therefore,
has to elect itself as a CH. Furthermore, the orphan node problem reduces the
possibility of a node joining with a CH, when the number of alive nodes owning
pairwise keysdecreases after a long-term operation of the network.
2.1.1 DISADVANTAGES:
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy
(or LEACH) was one of the first major improvements on conventional clustering
approaches in wireless sensor networks. Conventional approaches algorithms such
as MTE (Minimum-Transmission-Energy) or direct-transmission do not lead to even
energy dissipation throughout a network. LEACH provides a balancing of energy
usage by random rotation of clusterheads. The algorithm is also organized in
such a manner that data-fusion can be used to reduce the amount of data
transmission in very slowly and security issues.
2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
Recently, the concept of IBS has been developed as a key management in WSNs for security. Carman first combined the benefits of IBS and key pre distribution set into WSNs, and some papers appeared in IBOOS scheme has been proposed to reduce the computation and storage costs of signature processing. A general method for constructing online/offline signature schemes was introduced IBOOS scheme could be effective for the key management in WSNs. Specifically, the offline phase can be executed on a sensor node or at the BS prior to communication, while the online phase is to be executed during communication.
We propose two Secure and Efficient data
Transmission protocols for CWSNs, called SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS, by using the
IBS scheme and the IBOOS scheme, respectively. The key idea of both SET-IBS and
SET-IBOOS is to authenticate the encrypted sensed data, by applying digital
signatures to message packets, which are efficient in communication and
applying the key management for security. In the proposed protocols, secret
keys and pairing parameters are distributed and preloaded in all sensor nodes
by the BS initially, which overcomes the key escrow problem described in
ID-based cryptosystems.
2.2.1 ADVANTAGES:
Secure communication in SET-IBS relies on the IDbased cryptography, in which, user public keys are their ID information. Thus, users can obtain the corresponding private keys without auxiliary data transmission, which is efficient in communication and saves energy.
SET-IBOOS is proposed to further reduce the computational overhead for security using the IBOOS scheme, in which security relies on the hardness of the discrete logarithmic problem. Both SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS solve the orphan node problem in the secure data transmission with a symmetric key management.
We show the feasibility
of the proposed protocols with respect to the security requirements and analysis
against three attack models. Moreover, we compare the proposed protocols with
the existing secure protocols for efficiency by calculations and simulations, respectively, with respect to
both computation and communication.
2.3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:
CHAPTER 3
3.0 SYSTEM DESIGN:
ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM / UML DIAGRAMS / DAT FLOW DIAGRAM:
External sources or destinations, which may be people or organizations or other entities
Here the data referenced by a process is stored and retrieved.
People, procedures or devices that produce data. The physical component is not identified.
Data moves in a specific direction from an origin to a destination. The data flow is a “packet” of data.
MODELING RULES:
There are several common modeling rules when creating DFDs:
3.1 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM
3.2 DATAFLOW DIAGRAM
UML DIAGRAMS:
3.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM:
3.3 CLASS DIAGRAM:
3.4 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
3.5 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:
CHAPTER 4
4.0 IMPLEMENTATION:
We assume that all sensor nodes and the BS are time synchronized with symmetric radio channels, nodes are distributed randomly, and their energy is constrained. In CWSNs, data sensing, processing, and transmission consume energy of sensor nodes. The cost of data transmission is much more expensive than that of data processing. Thus, the method that the intermediate node (e.g., a CH) aggregates data and sends it to the BS is preferred than the method that each sensor node directly sends data to the BS. A sensor node switches into sleep mode for energy saving when it does not sense or transmit data, depending on the time-division multiple access (TDMA) control used for data transmission. In this paper, the proposed SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS are both designed for the same scenarios of CWSNs above.
An IBS scheme implemented for CWSNs consists of the following operations, specifically, setup at the BS, key extraction and signature signing at the data sending nodes, and verification at the data receiving nodes:
. Setup. The BS (as a trust authority) generates a master key msk and public parameters param for the private key generator (PKG), and gives them to all sensor nodes.
. Extraction. Given an ID string, a sensor node generates a private key sekID associated with the
ID using msk.
. Signature signing. Given a message M, time stamp t and a signing key _, the sending node generates a signature SIG.
. Verification. Given the ID, M, and
SIG, the receiving node outputs “accept” if SIG is valid, and outputs “reject”
otherwise.
4.1 PROTOCOL AND ALGORITHM
SET-IBOOS PROTOCOL
We present the SET protocol for CWSNs by using IBOOS (SET-IBOOS) in this section. The SET-IBOOS protocol is designed with the same purpose and scenarios for CWSNs with higher efficiency. The proposed SET-IBOOS operates similarly to the previous SET-IBS, which has a protocol initialization prior to the network deployment and operates in rounds during communication. We first introduce the protocol initialization, and then describe the key management of the protocol by using the IBOOS scheme, and the protocol operations afterwards. To reduce the computation and storage costs of signature signing processing in the IBS scheme, we improve SET-IBS by introducing IBOOS for security in SET-IBOOS. The operation of the protocol initialization in SET-IBOOS is similar to that of SET-IBS; however, the operations of key predistribution are revised for IBOOS. The BS does the following operations of key predistribution in the network:
4.2 MODULES:
SERVER CLIENT MODULE:
NETWORK SECURITY:
ATTACK MODELS:
PROTOCOL CHARACTERISTICS:
SECURE
DATA TRANSMISSION:
4.3 MODULES DESCRIPTION:
SERVER CLIENT MODULE:
Client-server computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between service providers (servers) and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers operate over a computer network on separate hardware. A server machine is a high-performance host that is running one or more server programs which share its resources with clients. A client also shares any of its resources; Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests.
NETWORK SECURITY:
Network-accessible resources may be deployed in a network as surveillance and early-warning tools, as the detection of attackers are not normally accessed for legitimate purposes. Techniques used by the attackers that attempt to compromise these decoy resources are studied during and after an attack to keep an eye on new exploitation techniques. Such analysis may be used to further tighten security of the actual network being protected by the data’s.
Data forwarding can
also direct an attacker’s attention away from legitimate servers. A user
encourages attackers to spend their time and energy on the decoy server while
distracting their attention from the data on the real server. Similar to a server,
a user is a network set up with intentional vulnerabilities. Its purpose is
also to invite attacks so that the attacker’s methods can be studied and that
information can be used to increase network security.
ATTACK MODELS:
In this paper, we group attack models into three categories according to their attacking means as follows, and study how these attacks may be applied to affect the proposed protocols:
. Passive attack on wireless channel: Passive attackers are able to perform eavesdropping at any point of the network, or even the whole communication of the network. Thus, they can undertake traffic analysis or statistical analysis based on the monitored or eavesdropped messages.
. Active attack on wireless channel: Active attackers have greater ability than passive adversaries, which can tamper with the wireless channels. Therefore, the attackers can forge, reply, and modify messages. Especially in WSNs, various types of active attacks can be triggered by attackers, such as bogus and replayed routing information attack, sinkhole and wormhole attack.
.
Node compromising attack: Node compromising attackers are
the most powerful adversaries against the proposed protocols as we considered.
The attackers can physically compromise sensor nodes, by which they can access
the secret information stored in the compromised nodes, for example, the security
keys. The attackers also can change the inner state and behavior of the
compromised sensor node, whose actions may be varied from the premier protocol
specifications.
PROTOCOL CHARACTERISTICS:
The protocol characteristics and hierarchical clustering solutions are presented in this section. We first summarize the features of the proposed SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS protocols as follows:
Key management: The key cryptographies used in the protocol to achieve secure data transmission, which consist of symmetric and asymmetric key based security.
Neighborhood authentication: Used for secure access and data transmission to nearby sensor nodes, by authenticating with each other. Here, “limited” means the probability of neighborhood authentication, where only the nodes with the shared pairwise key can authenticate each other.
Storage cost: Represents the requirement of the security keys stored in sensor node’s memory.
Network scalability: Indicates whether a security protocol is able to scale without compromising the security requirements. Here, “comparatively low” means that, compared with SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS, in the secure data transmission with a symmetric key management, the larger network scale increases, the more orphan nodes appear in the network, and vice versa.
Communication overhead: The security overhead in the data packets during communication.
Computational overhead: The energy cost and computation efficiency on the generation and verification of the certificates or signatures for security.
Attack resilience: the types of attacks that security protocol can protect against.
SECURE DATA TRANSMISSION:
In large-scale CWSNs, multihop data transmission is used for transmission between the CHs to the BS, where the direct communication is not possible due to the distance or obstacles between them. The version of the proposed SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS protocols for CWSNs can be extended using multihop routing algorithms, to form secure data transmission protocols for hierarchical clusters.
The solutions to this extension could be achieved by applying the following two routing models:
1. The multihop planar model. A CH node transmits data to the BS by forwarding its data to its neighbor nodes, in turn the data are sent to the BS. We have proposed an energy-efficient routing algorithm for hierarchically clustered WSNs in suitable for the proposed secure data transmission protocols.
2. The cluster-based hierarchical method. The network is broken into clustered layers, and the data packages travel from a lower cluster head to a higher one, in turn to the BS.
3. Both the proposed SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS protocols provide secure data transmission for CWSNs with concrete ID-based settings, which use ID information and digital signature for authentication. Thus, both SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS fully solve the orphan-node problem from using the symmetric key management for CWSNs.
4. The proposed secure data transmission protocols are with concrete ID-based settings, which use ID information and digital signature for verification.
CHAPTER 5
5.0 SYSTEM STUDY:
5.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY:
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are
5.1.1 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY:
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.
5.1.3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY:
The aspect of study is to check the level of
acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the process of training the
user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the
system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about
the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be
raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is
welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.
5.2 SYSTEM TESTING:
Testing is a process of checking whether the developed system is working according to the original objectives and requirements. It is a set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted systematically. Testing is vital to the success of the system. System testing makes a logical assumption that if all the parts of the system are correct, the global will be successfully achieved. In adequate testing if not testing leads to errors that may not appear even many months. This creates two problems, the time lag between the cause and the appearance of the problem and the effect of the system errors on the files and records within the system. A small system error can conceivably explode into a much larger Problem. Effective testing early in the purpose translates directly into long term cost savings from a reduced number of errors. Another reason for system testing is its utility, as a user-oriented vehicle before implementation. The best programs are worthless if it produces the correct outputs.
5.2.1 UNIT TESTING:
A program represents the logical elements of a system. For a program to run satisfactorily, it must compile and test data correctly and tie in properly with other programs. Achieving an error free program is the responsibility of the programmer. Program testing checks for two types of errors: syntax and logical. Syntax error is a program statement that violates one or more rules of the language in which it is written. An improperly defined field dimension or omitted keywords are common syntax errors. These errors are shown through error message generated by the computer. For Logic errors the programmer must examine the output carefully.
UNIT TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| Test for application window properties. | All the properties of the windows are to be properly aligned and displayed. |
| Test for mouse operations. | All the mouse operations like click, drag, etc. must perform the necessary operations without any exceptions. |
5.1.3 FUNCTIONAL TESTING:
Functional testing of an application is used to prove the application delivers correct results, using enough inputs to give an adequate level of confidence that will work correctly for all sets of inputs. The functional testing will need to prove that the application works for each client type and that personalization function work correctly.When a program is tested, the actual output is compared with the expected output. When there is a discrepancy the sequence of instructions must be traced to determine the problem. The process is facilitated by breaking the program into self-contained portions, each of which can be checked at certain key points. The idea is to compare program values against desk-calculated values to isolate the problems.
FUNCTIONAL TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| Test for all modules. | All peers should communicate in the group. |
| Test for various peer in a distributed network framework as it display all users available in the group. | The result after execution should give the accurate result. |
5.1. 4 NON-FUNCTIONAL TESTING:
The Non Functional software testing encompasses a rich spectrum of testing strategies, describing the expected results for every test case. It uses symbolic analysis techniques. This testing used to check that an application will work in the operational environment. Non-functional testing includes:
5.1.5 LOAD TESTING:
An important tool for implementing system tests is a Load generator. A Load generator is essential for testing quality requirements such as performance and stress. A load can be a real load, that is, the system can be put under test to real usage by having actual telephone users connected to it. They will generate test input data for system test.
Load Testing
| Description | Expected result |
| It is necessary to ascertain that the application behaves correctly under loads when ‘Server busy’ response is received. | Should designate another active node as a Server. |
5.1.5 PERFORMANCE TESTING:
Performance tests are utilized in order to determine the widely defined performance of the software system such as execution time associated with various parts of the code, response time and device utilization. The intent of this testing is to identify weak points of the software system and quantify its shortcomings.
PERFORMANCE TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| This is required to assure that an application perforce adequately, having the capability to handle many peers, delivering its results in expected time and using an acceptable level of resource and it is an aspect of operational management. | Should handle large input values, and produce accurate result in a expected time. |
5.1.6 RELIABILITY TESTING:
The software reliability is the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time and it is being ensured in this testing. Reliability can be expressed as the ability of the software to reveal defects under testing conditions, according to the specified requirements. It the portability that a software system will operate without failure under given conditions for a given time interval and it focuses on the behavior of the software element. It forms a part of the software quality control team.
RELIABILITY TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| This is to check that the server is rugged and reliable and can handle the failure of any of the components involved in provide the application. | In case of failure of the server an alternate server should take over the job. |
5.1.7 SECURITY TESTING:
Security testing evaluates
system characteristics that relate to the availability, integrity and
confidentiality of the system data and services. Users/Clients should be
encouraged to make sure their security needs are very clearly known at
requirements time, so that the security issues can be addressed by the
designers and testers.
SECURITY TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| Checking that the user identification is authenticated. | In case failure it should not be connected in the framework. |
| Check whether group keys in a tree are shared by all peers. | The peers should know group key in the same group. |
5.1.7 WHITE BOX TESTING:
White box
testing, sometimes called glass-box
testing is a test case
design method that uses
the control structure
of the procedural design to
derive test cases. Using
white box testing
method, the software engineer
can derive test
cases. The White box testing focuses on the inner structure of the
software structure to be tested.
5.1.8 WHITE BOX TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides. | All the logical decisions must be valid. |
| Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds. | All the loops must be finite. |
| Exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity. | All the data structures must be valid. |
5.1.9 BLACK BOX TESTING:
Black box testing, also
called behavioral testing, focuses on the functional requirements of the
software. That is, black testing
enables the software
engineer to derive
sets of input
conditions that will
fully exercise all
functional requirements for a
program. Black box testing is not
alternative to white box techniques.
Rather it is
a complementary approach
that is likely
to uncover a different
class of errors
than white box methods. Black box testing attempts to find
errors which focuses on inputs, outputs, and principle function of a software
module. The starting point of the black box testing is either a specification
or code. The contents of the box are hidden and the stimulated software should
produce the desired results.
5.1.10 BLACK BOX TESTING:
| Description | Expected result |
| To check for incorrect or missing functions. | All the functions must be valid. |
| To check for interface errors. | The entire interface must function normally. |
| To check for errors in a data structures or external data base access. | The database updation and retrieval must be done. |
| To check for initialization and termination errors. | All the functions and data structures must be initialized properly and terminated normally. |
All
the above system testing strategies are carried out in as the development,
documentation and institutionalization of the proposed goals and related
policies is essential.
CHAPTER 6
6.0 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:
Java technology is both a programming language and a platform.
With most programming languages, you either compile or interpret a program so that you can run it on your computer. The Java programming language is unusual in that a program is both compiled and interpreted. With the compiler, first you translate a program into an intermediate language called Java byte codes —the platform-independent codes interpreted by the interpreter on the Java platform. The interpreter parses and runs each Java byte code instruction on the computer. Compilation happens just once; interpretation occurs each time the program is executed. The following figure illustrates how this works.
You can think of Java byte codes as the machine code instructions for the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it’s a development tool or a Web browser that can run applets, is an implementation of the Java VM. Java byte codes help make “write once, run anywhere” possible. You can compile your program into byte codes on any platform that has a Java compiler. The byte codes can then be run on any implementation of the Java VM. That means that as long as a computer has a Java VM, the same program written in the Java programming language can run on Windows 2000, a Solaris workstation, or on an iMac.
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We’ve already mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Windows 2000, Linux, Solaris, and MacOS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it’s a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.
The Java platform has two components:
You’ve already been introduced to the Java VM. It’s the base for the Java platform and is ported onto various hardware-based platforms.
The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets. The Java API is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as packages. The next section, What Can Java Technology Do? Highlights what functionality some of the packages in the Java API provide.
The following figure depicts a program that’s running on the Java platform. As the figure shows, the Java API and the virtual machine insulate the program from the hardware.
Native code is code that after you compile it, the compiled code runs on a specific hardware platform. As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit slower than native code. However, smart compilers, well-tuned interpreters, and just-in-time byte code compilers can bring performance close to that of native code without threatening portability.
The most common types of programs written in the Java programming language are applets and applications. If you’ve surfed the Web, you’re probably already familiar with applets. An applet is a program that adheres to certain conventions that allow it to run within a Java-enabled browser.
However, the Java programming language is not just for writing cute, entertaining applets for the Web. The general-purpose, high-level Java programming language is also a powerful software platform. Using the generous API, you can write many types of programs.
An application is a standalone program that runs directly on the Java platform. A special kind of application known as a server serves and supports clients on a network. Examples of servers are Web servers, proxy servers, mail servers, and print servers. Another specialized program is a servlet.
A servlet can almost be thought of as an applet that runs on the server side. Java Servlets are a popular choice for building interactive web applications, replacing the use of CGI scripts. Servlets are similar to applets in that they are runtime extensions of applications. Instead of working in browsers, though, servlets run within Java Web servers, configuring or tailoring the server.
How does the API support all these kinds of programs? It does so with packages of software components that provides a wide range of functionality. Every full implementation of the Java platform gives you the following features:
The Java platform also has APIs for 2D and 3D graphics, accessibility, servers, collaboration, telephony, speech, animation, and more. The following figure depicts what is included in the Java 2 SDK.
We can’t promise you fame, fortune, or even a job if you learn the Java programming language. Still, it is likely to make your programs better and requires less effort than other languages. We believe that Java technology will help you do the following:
Through the ODBC Administrator in Control Panel, you can specify the particular database that is associated with a data source that an ODBC application program is written to use. Think of an ODBC data source as a door with a name on it. Each door will lead you to a particular database. For example, the data source named Sales Figures might be a SQL Server database, whereas the Accounts Payable data source could refer to an Access database. The physical database referred to by a data source can reside anywhere on the LAN.
The ODBC system files are not installed on your system by Windows 95. Rather, they are installed when you setup a separate database application, such as SQL Server Client or Visual Basic 4.0. When the ODBC icon is installed in Control Panel, it uses a file called ODBCINST.DLL. It is also possible to administer your ODBC data sources through a stand-alone program called ODBCADM.EXE. There is a 16-bit and a 32-bit version of this program and each maintains a separate list of ODBC data sources.
From a programming perspective, the beauty of ODBC is that the application can be written to use the same set of function calls to interface with any data source, regardless of the database vendor. The source code of the application doesn’t change whether it talks to Oracle or SQL Server. We only mention these two as an example. There are ODBC drivers available for several dozen popular database systems. Even Excel spreadsheets and plain text files can be turned into data sources. The operating system uses the Registry information written by ODBC Administrator to determine which low-level ODBC drivers are needed to talk to the data source (such as the interface to Oracle or SQL Server). The loading of the ODBC drivers is transparent to the ODBC application program. In a client/server environment, the ODBC API even handles many of the network issues for the application programmer.
The advantages
of this scheme are so numerous that you are probably thinking there must be
some catch. The only disadvantage of ODBC is that it isn’t as efficient as
talking directly to the native database interface. ODBC has had many detractors
make the charge that it is too slow. Microsoft has always claimed that the
critical factor in performance is the quality of the driver software that is
used. In our humble opinion, this is true. The availability of good ODBC
drivers has improved a great deal recently. And anyway, the criticism about
performance is somewhat analogous to those who said that compilers would never
match the speed of pure assembly language. Maybe not, but the compiler (or
ODBC) gives you the opportunity to write cleaner programs, which means you
finish sooner. Meanwhile, computers get faster every year.
6.6 JDBC:
In an effort to set an independent database standard API for Java; Sun Microsystems developed Java Database Connectivity, or JDBC. JDBC offers a generic SQL database access mechanism that provides a consistent interface to a variety of RDBMSs. This consistent interface is achieved through the use of “plug-in” database connectivity modules, or drivers. If a database vendor wishes to have JDBC support, he or she must provide the driver for each platform that the database and Java run on.
To gain a wider acceptance of JDBC, Sun based JDBC’s framework on ODBC. As you discovered earlier in this chapter, ODBC has widespread support on a variety of platforms. Basing JDBC on ODBC will allow vendors to bring JDBC drivers to market much faster than developing a completely new connectivity solution.
JDBC was announced in March of 1996. It was released for a 90 day public review that ended June 8, 1996. Because of user input, the final JDBC v1.0 specification was released soon after.
The remainder of this section will cover enough information about JDBC for you to know what it is about and how to use it effectively. This is by no means a complete overview of JDBC. That would fill an entire book.
Few software packages are designed without goals in mind. JDBC is one that, because of its many goals, drove the development of the API. These goals, in conjunction with early reviewer feedback, have finalized the JDBC class library into a solid framework for building database applications in Java.
The goals that were set for JDBC are important. They will give you some insight as to why certain classes and functionalities behave the way they do. The eight design goals for JDBC are as follows:
SQL Level API
The designers felt that their main goal was to define a SQL interface for Java. Although not the lowest database interface level possible, it is at a low enough level for higher-level tools and APIs to be created. Conversely, it is at a high enough level for application programmers to use it confidently. Attaining this goal allows for future tool vendors to “generate” JDBC code and to hide many of JDBC’s complexities from the end user.
SQL Conformance
SQL syntax varies as you move from database vendor to database vendor. In an effort to support a wide variety of vendors, JDBC will allow any query statement to be passed through it to the underlying database driver. This allows the connectivity module to handle non-standard functionality in a manner that is suitable for its users.
JDBC must be implemental on top of common database interfaces
The JDBC SQL API must “sit” on top of other common SQL level APIs. This goal allows JDBC to use existing ODBC level drivers by the use of a software interface. This interface would translate JDBC calls to ODBC and vice versa.
Because of Java’s acceptance in the user community thus far, the designers feel that they should not stray from the current design of the core Java system.
This goal probably appears in all software design goal listings. JDBC is no exception. Sun felt that the design of JDBC should be very simple, allowing for only one method of completing a task per mechanism. Allowing duplicate functionality only serves to confuse the users of the API.
Strong typing allows for more error checking to be done at compile time; also, less error appear at runtime.
Because more often than not, the usual SQL calls
used by the programmer are simple SELECT’s,
INSERT’s,
DELETE’s
and UPDATE’s,
these queries should be simple to perform with JDBC. However, more complex SQL
statements should also be possible.
Finally we decided to precede the implementation using Java Networking.
And for dynamically updating the cache table we go for MS Access database.
Java ha two things: a programming language and a platform.
Java is a high-level programming language that is all of the following
Simple Architecture-neutral
Object-oriented Portable
Distributed High-performance
Interpreted Multithreaded
Robust Dynamic Secure
Java is also unusual in that each Java program is both compiled and interpreted. With a compile you translate a Java program into an intermediate language called Java byte codes the platform-independent code instruction is passed and run on the computer.
Compilation happens just once; interpretation occurs each time the program is executed. The figure illustrates how this works.
The TCP/IP stack is shorter than the OSI one:
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol; UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol.
The IP layer provides a connectionless and unreliable delivery system. It considers each datagram independently of the others. Any association between datagram must be supplied by the higher layers. The IP layer supplies a checksum that includes its own header. The header includes the source and destination addresses. The IP layer handles routing through an Internet. It is also responsible for breaking up large datagram into smaller ones for transmission and reassembling them at the other end.
UDP is also connectionless and unreliable. What it adds to IP is a checksum for the contents of the datagram and port numbers. These are used to give a client/server model – see later.
TCP supplies logic to give a reliable connection-oriented protocol above IP. It provides a virtual circuit that two processes can use to communicate.
In order to use a service, you must be able to find it. The Internet uses an address scheme for machines so that they can be located. The address is a 32 bit integer which gives the IP address.
Class A uses 8 bits for the network address with 24 bits left over for other addressing. Class B uses 16 bit network addressing. Class C uses 24 bit network addressing and class D uses all 32.
Internally, the UNIX network is divided into sub networks. Building 11 is currently on one sub network and uses 10-bit addressing, allowing 1024 different hosts.
8 bits are finally used for host addresses within our subnet. This places a limit of 256 machines that can be on the subnet.
The 32 bit address is usually written as 4 integers separated by dots.
A service exists on a host, and is identified by its port. This is a 16 bit number. To send a message to a server, you send it to the port for that service of the host that it is running on. This is not location transparency! Certain of these ports are “well known”.
A socket is a data structure maintained by the system
to handle network connections. A socket is created using the call socket. It returns an integer that is like a file
descriptor. In fact, under Windows, this handle can be used with Read File and Write File
functions.
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int socket(int family, int type, int protocol);
Here “family” will be AF_INET for IP communications, protocol will be zero, and type will depend on whether TCP or UDP is used. Two
processes wishing to communicate over a network create a socket each. These are
similar to two ends of a pipe – but the actual pipe does not yet exist.
6.8 JFREE CHART:
JFreeChart is a free 100% Java chart library that makes it easy for developers to display professional quality charts in their applications. JFreeChart’s extensive feature set includes:
A consistent and well-documented API, supporting a wide range of chart types;
A flexible design that is easy to extend, and targets both server-side and client-side applications;
Support for many output types, including Swing components, image files (including PNG and JPEG), and vector graphics file formats (including PDF, EPS and SVG);
JFreeChart is “open source” or, more specifically, free software. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence (LGPL), which permits use in proprietary applications.
Charts showing values that relate to geographical areas. Some examples include: (a) population density in each state of the United States, (b) income per capita for each country in Europe, (c) life expectancy in each country of the world. The tasks in this project include: Sourcing freely redistributable vector outlines for the countries of the world, states/provinces in particular countries (USA in particular, but also other areas);
Creating an appropriate dataset interface (plus
default implementation), a rendered, and integrating this with the existing
XYPlot class in JFreeChart; Testing, documenting, testing some more,
documenting some more.
Implement a new (to JFreeChart) feature for interactive time series charts — to display a separate control that shows a small version of ALL the time series data, with a sliding “view” rectangle that allows you to select the subset of the time series data to display in the main chart.
There is currently a lot of interest in dashboard displays. Create a flexible dashboard mechanism that supports a subset of JFreeChart chart types (dials, pies, thermometers, bars, and lines/time series) that can be delivered easily via both Java Web Start and an applet.
The property editor mechanism in JFreeChart only
handles a small subset of the properties that can be set for charts. Extend (or
reimplement) this mechanism to provide greater end-user control over the
appearance of the charts.
CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX
7.1 SAMPLE SOURCE CODE
7.2
SAMPLE OUTPUT
CHAPTER 8
8.0 CONCLUSION
In this paper, we first reviewed the data
transmission issues and the security issues in CWSNs. The deficiency of the
symmetric key management for secure data transmission has been discussed. We
then presented two secure and efficient data transmission
protocols respectively for CWSNs, SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS. In the evaluation
section, we provided feasibility of the proposed SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS with
respect to the security requirements and analysis against routing attacks. SET-IBS
and SET-IBOOS are efficient in communication
and applying the ID-based crypto-system, which achieves security requirements
in CWSNs, as well as solved the orphan node problem in the secure transmission
protocols with the symmetric key management. Lastly, the comparison in the
calculation and simulation results show that, the proposed SET-IBS and
SET-IBOOS protocols have better performance than existing secure protocols for
CWSNs. With respect to both computation and communication costs, we pointed out
the merits that, using SET-IBOOS with less auxiliary security overhead is
preferred for secure data transmission in CWSNs.
CHAPTER 9
9.0 REFERENCES
[1] H. Lu, J. Li, and H. Kameda, “A Secure Routing Protocol for Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks Using ID-Based Digital Signature,” Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, pp. 1-5, 2010.
[2] J. Sun et al., “An Identity-Based Security System for User Privacy in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” IEEE Trans. Parallel & Distributed Systems, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1227-1239, Sept. 2010.
[3] D. Boneh and M. Franklin, “Identity-Based Encryption from the Weil Pairing,” Proc. 21st Ann. Int’l Cryptology Conf. Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO ’01), pp. 213-229, 2001.
[4]K. Zhang, C. Wang, and C. Wang, “A Secure Routing Protocol for Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks Using Group Key Management,” Proc. Fourth Int’l Conf. Wireless Comm., Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), pp. 1-5, 2008.
[5] S. Sharma and S.K. Jena, “A Survey on Secure Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proc. Int’l Conf. Comm., Computing & Security (ICCCS), pp. 146-151, 2011.